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| (×)Only by independently attempting to solve a problem can you increase your understanding and improve your abilities. On the contrary, if you encounter a question and immediately ask others for the answer without first considering it, you learn little. [the 2nd sentence doesn’t emphasize the 1st; it opposes it] (√)Only by independently attempting to solve a problem can you increase your understanding and improve your abilities. In contrast, if you encounter a question and immediately ask others for the answer without first considering it, you learn little. There are times when neither phrase is needed to express our thoughts clearly: The arguer assumes that the building would attract donations5) from alumni6). On the contrary, the opposite is more likely. Now, if we want important works such as academic theses, we can easily find our desired materials on the web. Several years ago, in contrast, without the convenience of the internet, we had to tediously search through catalogues and academic journals. In short, on the contrary is used informally when contradicting other people’s ideas or beliefs (subjective), even if they are not explicitly mentioned; in contrast is used formally when contradicting facts (objective).C) However ● Appropriate usage — However should be used to present a new idea that directly opposes the previous one, NOT to present a mere7) alternative to it. (×)Insatiable8) fishing poses a severe threat to all life in the sea. However, this trend may in turn endanger humankind. [the 2nd sentence is another threat, not an opposition to the previous threat] (√)Insatiable fishing poses a severe threat to all life in the sea. The trend may even endanger mankind. (√)Insatiable fishing poses a severe threat to all life in the sea. However, there are scientists who believe heavy fishing actually allows greater numbers of aquatic species to coexist and thrive. [the 2nd sentence directly opposes the idea of the 1st] ● Appropriate positioning — However is often misplaced by both native and non-native English speakers. Its location in a sentence determines what part of the previous idea is actually being opposed. I hate pickled foods. However, [this sentence should discuss what I like about or appreciate in pickled foods. It is better written: “I do, however,”] I hate pickled foods. Amanda, however, [this sentence should discuss Amanda’s love for pickled foods] When however appears at the beginning of a sentence, it signals that the following text will contrast the entire previous sentence. Many writers mistakenly place however at the beginning of a sentence when it should in fact appear between commas, preceded by a word or phrase that clarifies the opposition. (×)There was a time when few Anglo-American journals would use Marxist terms or models to analyze Western issues or problems. However, with the collapse of the Kremlin, old taboos began to give way. [However is wrongly contradicting the entire first sentence: time, journals, usage of terms and models, and analysis of issues and problems] |
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