| [00:00.00]UNIT 8 [00:15.08]Chinese-American Relations: A History(Ⅰ) [00:20.23]The Nineteenth Century to World WarⅡ [00:24.80]The Nineteenth Century [00:27.87]In the 19th century, [00:30.93]the United States was [00:32.46]a relative newcomer to [00:34.21]the area of international affairs. [00:36.84]Relations with China really began, [00:40.44]not so subtly, in the 19th century [00:43.51]with its discriminatory immigration [00:46.46]policy against China. The Gold Rush [00:50.18]of 1849 in California, the building [00:54.67]of railroads, and the American industrial [00:56.96]revolution of the second half [00:59.59]of the 19th century, attracted [01:01.56]many Chinese immigrants with dreams [01:04.52]of the good life in America. [01:07.36]At that time, it was perceived [01:11.08]by most of the world, that [01:13.27]America was the land of opportunity, [01:15.45]success, and wealth. [01:18.08]As the Chinese population [01:21.80]in the United States grew in size, [01:24.76]pressures to limit the number [01:27.16]of these coming into the United States [01:29.68]became strong. Laws, such as [01:33.62]placing a police tax on [01:35.59]Chinese people in California in 1862 [01:39.30]and The Chinese Exclusion Act passed [01:42.59]in 1882, officially testified [01:46.09]to blatant discrimination against [01:48.49]Chinese people. The latter felt [01:52.11]forced to congregate in areas [01:54.51]of big cities, such as San Francisco, [01:58.01]New York, and Boston. Chinatown [02:01.95]soon became part of American [02:04.25]urban vocabulary. It seemed that [02:07.97]the timid Chinese were susceptible [02:10.38]to being pushed around. It appeared [02:14.10]that Chinese and other Oriental immigrants [02:17.60]were not welcome with open arms, [02:20.33]but were welcome only when [02:21.87]hard labour was needed to do [02:23.94]the toughest jobs, especially [02:26.13]in railroad construction and [02:28.65]in the new industries that were [02:31.05]fast developing at the time. [02:33.68]It would be well into [02:35.98]the 20th century before such discriminatory [02:38.50]laws would be suspended. [02:42.11]The Early Twentieth Century [02:45.94]During the second half of [02:48.89]the 19th century, the United States [02:51.18]was preoccupied with a civil war [02:53.70]and a post civil war [02:56.11]industrial revolution. American [02:58.95]foreign policy with China did not [03:01.91]really take form until 1899 [03:05.30]and 1900. By the turn [03:08.19]of the century, the United States [03:10.71]was ascending as a major player [03:13.55]in international affairs, especially [03:16.50]in the western hemisphere. [03:19.02]American foreign policy, at the time, [03:22.30]focused mostly on Latin America. [03:25.36]However, in 1899, the Americans [03:30.18]saw economic opportunities in [03:32.58]an already politically suppressed China. [03:36.20]For decades, European countries [03:39.37]had been reaping the economic benefits [03:42.10]by exploiting of the country's resources [03:45.17]and markets while claiming chunks [03:47.46]of territory as their own. [03:49.65]It had become a closed club [03:52.50]of the countries already established there. [03:56.22]The United States, fearing that [04:00.16]China was about to officially partitioned, [04:03.22]wanted access to those lucrative assets [04:06.06]as well. American Secretary of State, [04:09.78]John Hay, perhaps using some [04:12.30]Big Stick and gunboat tactics, [04:14.81]popular American strategies at the time, [04:17.66]was well positioned to get [04:19.63]the established foreign nations [04:21.38]in China to conform to an agreement [04:24.00]called the Open Door policy for China. [04:27.29]This benchmark intervention by [04:30.68]the United States, conferred on [04:32.76]all countries, equal and impartial trade [04:36.04]with all parts of China, while [04:38.66]preserving the territorial and administrative [04:42.06]integrity of the country. [04:43.92]The American approach did little [04:47.42]to respect China's customary opposition [04:50.48]to foreign intrusion. To China, [04:53.87]the United States was only [04:55.62]one more country to bully it, [04:58.03]to exploit its resources and [05:00.33]sovereignty and, further, to deny [05:02.84]it of its autonomy, integrity, [05:05.91]and dignity. This collective foreign presence, [05:10.62]boosted by American interests, [05:13.13]diffused any hope for China [05:15.65]to break the chains of humiliating [05:17.83]foreign occupation. The Chinese were [05:21.66]virtually captives or prisoners [05:23.74]in their own country. [05:25.82]The United States did not deviate [05:29.21]far from this economic [05:31.14]policy toward China, until [05:33.22]the communist take over in 1949. |
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