| [00:00.00]UNIT9 [00:13.00]Chinese-American Relations: A History(Ⅱ) [00:17.38]The Cold War to the Present [00:19.57]The Cold War [00:21.20]After the war, a new war [00:24.49]of international tension, intrigue [00:26.89]and political posturing, called the Cold War, [00:29.20]forced the U.S. to scrap [00:31.16]any thoughts of the false comforts [00:33.13]of official isolation. It joined [00:35.98]the United Nations (UN) and other [00:38.49]international organizations, such as [00:40.68]the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), [00:42.87]the International Monetary Fund (IMF), [00:46.04]and the General Agreement on Tariff [00:48.67]and Trade (GATT). It was determined [00:50.96]to play a major, if not [00:52.61]dominant role, in post war [00:54.36]international affairs. The world [00:56.87]was the stage for intense rivalry [00:58.51]between the Communists, on one side, [01:00.70]and democratic Capitalists on the other. [01:03.33]It fostered close scrutiny [01:05.41]of each other, as well as [01:07.16]a brisk interchange of often fabricated [01:09.68]and distorted propaganda between [01:11.75]the polarized sides. It injected [01:14.49]the fear that if one side blinked, [01:16.68]a nuclear war would be triggered. [01:18.65]The world, seemingly, was always [01:21.49]on the verge of warfare. [01:23.13]This environment placed the United States [01:25.21]and China on opposite sides [01:27.18]once the Communists took power [01:28.82]in China in 1949. This constant [01:31.56]friction jeopardized chances for [01:33.85]meaningful political interaction and intercourse. [01:36.37]This atmosphere of distrust and fear [01:39.21]left little incentive for the [01:41.18]different sides to talk seriously. [01:42.93]By the end of the Second World War, [01:46.32]or during the last year or [01:48.42]two of the war, the world stage [01:49.83]was being set for the Cold War. [01:51.26]President Truman's attitude toward China hardened. [01:54.32]American policy was explicit that [01:57.60]only one China, Nationalist China [02:00.23]led by Chiang Kaishek, on the island [02:02.53]of Taiwan, was the official China. [02:05.04]The Americans made it abundantly clear, [02:07.45]that Mao Tsetung's Communist Regime, [02:09.75]on mainland China, would not occupy [02:11.94]China's permanent seat in the United Nations [02:14.56]Security Council. [02:16.31]The outbreak of war on [02:18.06]the Korean Peninsula brought about [02:20.46]an abrupt change of focus [02:22.11]in American foreign policy. [02:23.42]The new American strategy was [02:25.61]to militarily isolate or alienate [02:28.67]China in Asia. To accomplish this, [02:31.85]the United States established bases [02:34.58]in East Asia and mutual defense [02:36.33]treaties in East Asia. Treaties [02:38.63]were negotiated with Japan, the Philippines, [02:41.25]Australia, and New Zealand. American [02:44.87]President Eisenhower later expanded [02:47.82]these to include South Korea, [02:49.35]Pakistan, and Thailand. To cap off [02:52.74]this antiChina strategy, the US [02:55.37]strengthened ties with Taiwan or [02:57.33]Nationalist China, with which [02:59.31]the former had official diplomatic ties. [03:01.49]In the 1950s, American power and [03:05.87]credibility deteriorated somewhat [03:08.38]in the Cold War. Its own people, [03:10.35]who began to oppose McCarthyism [03:12.87]and the blunt anti-communist policies [03:15.28]of John Foster Dulles, the American Secretary [03:18.56]of State in the Eisenhower Administration, [03:20.64]helped to undermined national prestige. [03:24.14]In 1953, Josef Stalin, [03:28.08]the Soviet leader, died. These events [03:30.92]helped to bring about a shift [03:33.22]in direction in American foreign policy. [03:34.86]The United States began to [03:36.80]look more to Asian events as [03:38.78]major threats to America's national security. [03:40.85]The Iron Curtain was firmly established [03:44.57]in Europe, and NATO forces provided [03:46.65]secure protection on the western side [03:48.94]of the curtain. For the time being, [03:50.92]things looked fairly stable in Europe. [03:53.32]In the East, because of [03:55.40]the end of the Korean War and [03:56.82]the exodus of the French from [03:58.47]Indo-China, things were not [04:00.43]as stable. The American political [04:02.73]elite contended that the foremost [04:04.70]problem was the vacuum left [04:06.89]by the French withdrawal from Indo-China. [04:08.97]To officials in the United States, [04:13.12]this void must not be filled [04:15.10]by another communist regime. [04:16.95]The realization of objectives [04:19.14]of the domino theory (the essence [04:21.55]of which was, that if not checked, [04:23.63]countries in an given area [04:25.38]will all gradually fall to [04:27.02]communist rule) could not be [04:29.87]allowed to perpetuate. The Chinese Revolution [04:32.27]had established a communist regime [04:34.35]in the most populous country [04:35.77]in the world, and the tensions [04:37.30]between North and South Korea [04:39.17]were not going to go [04:40.70]away overnight. Success of [04:42.87]the domino theory looked more likely [04:45.27]in Asia than in Europe. [04:47.25]The United States felt that [04:49.32]it needed to concentrate its energies [04:50.96]and resources in Asia. [04:52.72]American policies, during the 1960s [04:55.78]and early 1970s, essentially were [04:59.93]to prevent communist takeovers in Asia, [05:03.07]in particular, particularly in South Vietnam [05:06.59]and Taiwan. American policy [05:09.45]was to contain communism where [05:11.53]it already existed, while simultaneously [05:14.16]coexisting peacefully with its cold war [05:17.01]communist rivals. Military expenditures [05:20.72]increased as defense budgets went [05:22.69]sky high with democratic and communist [05:25.31]bureaucracies building huge arsenals [05:28.16]or inventories of high velocity, [05:30.24]even supersonic destructive nuclear weapons, [05:33.52]in a very fragile polarized world. [05:36.49]Even China tested a thermal [05:38.68]nuclear weapon in the early 60s. |
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