2012考研英语备考之翻译必备资料(5)

　　自由式定语从句

　　自由式定语从句是指一个句子中两个或两个以上不同成分带定语从句的情况。这种从句的先行词没有固定模式，在句中充当不同的句子成分，故该结构中的定语从句称为自由式定语从句。它们拆开来看，其实就是一个一个简单的定语从句，因此，其翻译也和简单的定语从句相同。

　　Examples:

　　Thus the Arab Umayyed Dynasty of caliphs, which had moved the capital from Medina to Damascus in 661, came to be regarded with much justification as a parasitic clique that had outlived its usefulness once the conquests were completed.

　　Chinese Translation No. 1:

　　人们开始理由充分地认为，阿拉伯麦伍德哈里发王朝阿拉伯伍麦叶里发王朝是征服战争完成后毫无作用的一个寄生集团;该王朝曾于661年从麦地那迁都大马士革 。

　　Chinese Translation No. 2:

　　阿拉伯麦伍德王朝的统治者们征服了……，于661年将首都从麦地那迁往大马士革，但此后他们便成了不折不扣的寄生虫。

　　嵌套式定语从句

　　嵌套式定语从句是指一个句子中定语从句套定语从句的情况。这种结构中的定语从句其实和自由式定语从句基本相似，拆开来也是一个独立的定语从句，只不过一个定语从句在另一个定语从句之中而已。

　　Examples:

　　Likewise in the east were the Seljuk Turks who had infiltrated from their Central Asian homeland into the Islamic Empire where they were employed as mercenaries by the Baghdad caliphs.

　　Chinese Translation No. 1:

　　同样，在东方是塞尔柱突厥人，他们从家乡中亚进入伊斯兰教帝国;在那里被巴格达哈里发雇为雇佣军。

　　Chinese Translation No. 2:

　　东边也是塞尔柱突厥人。他们从自己的家乡中亚地区来到伊斯兰教帝国，充当了巴格达哈里发的雇佣军。

　　并列式定语从句

　　并列式定语从句是并列成分中的定语从句的简称，指一个句子中两个或两个以上并列成分均带定语从句的情况。

　　Examples:

　　This was a defensive pact, designed to protect Germany against the French, who aspired to recover the alsace-Lorraine provinces lost in 1871, and also to protect Austria-hungary against the Russians, with whom they continually clashed in the Balkans.

　　这是一个防御性的盟约，旨在保护德国人免受法国人的攻击，保护奥匈帝国免受俄国人的攻击;因为法国人想收复1871年失去的阿尔萨斯-洛林地区，而俄国人则在巴尔干半岛同奥匈帝国接连不断地发生冲突。

　　一主二仆式定语从句

　　Examples:

　　The old ways of earning a living was rivaled by new agricultural techniques, by commerce with hitherto unknown parts of the globe, and by new crafts with strange machines that saved labor and that ran without the traditional human or animal power.

　　古老的谋生之道正受到新农业技术、新贸易和新行业的挑战。其中，这些新兴的行业使用一些奇怪的机器。这些机器无需传统的人力和畜力，非常节省劳动力。

　　And it helps to explain why so many inventions that were of Chinese origin or that had been known to the Greco-Romans, were fully developed and exploited ony by the Western Europeans.

　　它有助于说明，为什么发源于中国的许多发明和希腊罗马人所知道的许多发明，只是在西欧人手中才得到全面发展和充分利用。

　　Consequently the manor was a self-sufficient village that was worked by serfs who were not free to leave, and who with their labor supported a hierarchy of lay and clerical lords.

　　因而，采邑是靠农奴经营的自给自足的村庄;农奴不能随便离开，并以其劳动养活教俗封建集团。

　　Not Surprisingly, the most complex political structures appeared in the Sudan, where long distance trade was most highly developed and where Islamic influence was the strongest.