2012年同等学力申硕英语写作语法讲义(5)

　第五讲  不定式

　　5．1 不定式(The Infinitive)的形式

　　注：i) 不定式的否定是“not+不定式”。例如：

　　Jane asked me not to mention it.

　　ii) 不定式前面可以加特殊疑问词，如how to do, when to leave, what to say等。

　　5.2 不定式的句法功能

　　1) 作主语

　　a) 不定式作主语时，常用it放在句首代替不定式，而将不定式移到谓语后面。例如：

　　To complete the 24-storied building in 10 months was a great achievement.

　　(=It was a great achievement to complete the 24-storied building in lo months.)

　　To be a good teacher requires/patience.

　　(=It requires patience to be a good teacher.)

　　b) 有时用“介词for/of+代词/名词”表示不定式的逻辑主语，但要注意它们在意思上的区别。

　　例如：

　　i) It is important for you to use your time wisely.(=It is important that you use your time wisely.)

　　ii) It was brave of him to dive from the cliff.(=He was brave to dive from the cliff=How brave (it was) of him to dive from the cliff.)

　　用在ii)类句子作主语补语的形容词有absurd，bold，brave，careful，careless，cowardly，cruel，foolish，generous，good，honest，kind，nice，polite，rude，selfish，silly，stupid，thoughtful，thoughtless，wicked，wise，wrong等。

　　2) 作宾语

　　a) 动词+不定式

　　We hope to have more opportunities to talk with native speakers.

　　He promised not to tell anyone about it.

　　能带不定式作宾语的动词还有afford，agree，ask，attempt，beg，begin，bother，care，choose，claim，consent，decide，demand，desire，dislike，endeavour，expect，fail，fear，forget，hate，help，hesitate，intend，learn，like，love，manage，mean，neglect，offer，plan，pledge，prefer，prepare，pretend，refuse，remember，resolve，start，threaten，undertake，venture，volunteer，vow，want，wish等。

　　b) 动词+wh-词+不定式

　　They asked how to get to the railway station.

　　Have you decided whether to go for an outing?

　　能以这种结构作宾语的动词还有：consider，discover，explain，forget，guess，know，learn，observe，remember，see，tell，understand，wonder等。

　　3) 作宾语补语

　　a) 动词+名词/代词+不定式

　　He challenged Ann to race him to the school.

　　We should get him to see a doctor.

　　He told me where to take the bus.

　　能带这种结构作宾语补语的动词还有：advise，allow，ask，be9，cause，command，compel，enable，determine，encourage，expect，。feel，find，force，hate，*have，*hear，*help，inform，invite，*let，like，*make，mean，need，*notice，notify，oblige，order，permit，persuade，remind，request，require，*see，send，teach，tell，tempt，trouble，urge，want，warn，watch，wish等。

　　注：有*号的动词后面的不定式零带to。

　　b) 动词+it+形容词/名词+不定式

　　He feels it challenging to be a supermarket manager.

　　宾语补语 宾 语

　　Robert doesn’t think it advisable for Mary to be on a diet.

　　能带这种结构作宾语补语的动词还有consider，judge，make等。

　　c) 动词+名词/代词+to be.../to have...

　　They appointed Professor Johnson to be the president of the university.

　　We believe him to have the best collection of stamps in the country.

　　能带这种结构作宾语补语的动词还有：choose，declare，find，guess，imagine，judge，prove，report，select，think等。

　　这种结构多用于正式文体，在口语或非正式文体中常用宾语从句。例如：

　　We believe that he has the best collection of stamps in the country.

　　4) 作定语

　　a) 由only，last，next序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语。例如：

　　He is always the last one to leave the office.

　　This is the third case of smallpox to occur in the town.

　　I don’t think he is the best man to do the job.

　　b) 不定式常用作下列名词/代词的定语：ability，ambition，anything，attempt，capability，chance，curiosity，desire，decision，determination，effort，failure，intention，need，nothing，opportunity，place，plan，promise，reason，right，something，tendency，time，way，wish等。例如：

　　Anything to do with the sun is called “solar”.

　　I have no desire to travel.

　　There’s no need to bother him with such trifles.

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