EXERCISE 11
Although many people speak English,they don't pronounce it or spell the word they use the same way.The United States, in __1_ ,has its own special way of pronouncing and spelling the English language.They speak American English ,and they __2_ a lot of its special character to one man:Noah Webster.
Noah Webster was born in Connecticut in 1758.He _3__during a period of great American patriotism.He gratuated from Yale University when he was 20. The __4_ of the American Revolution brought independence to the United States,but political _5__ didn't satisfy Webster.He wanted to _6__ "the King's English" and replace it __7_ a special American Language.
In 1783,Webster published a textbook called The American spelling Book.It was used by generation after __8_ of American school children .Because the book had a blue back,it become famous __9_ "the blue-backed speller".
Webster also _10__ a dictionary.It too,became very __11_ and was updated and reprinted many times.__12_ are,when you go to look up a word,you'll _13__ the word in a new edition of Noah Webster's book.
In his books,Webster made many changes in the English used in the United States.He suggested new ways to __14_ and spell English words.He also added new American __15_ to the language.
Webster made many other changes,most of _16__ American use today.However,Webster did not go __17_ his friend Benjamin Franklin wanted him to.Franklin wanted to __18_ all the silent letters from words;he also wanted to change the spelling of many words.Had Franklin written the dictionary __19_ Webster,he would spell give[giv],and wrong[rong].Franklin really wanted to give us our own mother tongue-but we would have _20__ it tong!
1) A particular B special C ordinary D extraordinary
2) A owing B own C owning D owe
3) A grows up B has been grown up C grew up D has grown up
4) A final B end C finish D terminal
5) A independence B dependence C independent D dependent
6) A doing away with B doing with C do away with D do with
7) A using B by C under D with
8) A a generation B generation C many years D generations
9) A for B by C with D as
10) A compiled B has compiled C was compiling D compiles
11) A popularity B population C popular D pollution
12) A opportunities B chances C opportunity D chance
13) A look up B look after C look for D look to
14) A write B learn C have pronounced D pronounce
15) A sentences B words C ways D means
16) A that B them C which D the
17) A as far as B as quick as C as long as D as good as
18) A do away with B keep C get rid of D drop
19) A instead of B instead C in the stead of D replace
20) A been spelling B read C spelled D been reading
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EXERCISE 12
English belongs,in a rather complicated way,to the Indo-European family __1_ includes most of the European languages and a few Asiatic ones. We don't know __2_ the orginal speakers of the parent Indo-European language lived.Guessed about their homeland __3_ all the way from northwestern Europe __4_ central Asia.According to all the early _5__ ,they were a tall,blond,and warlike people,with a good __6_ of energy and intelligence.In their native land they had developed _7__ writing nor cities,so there is not much __8_ about how they lived when they were at home.But when they __9_ home and went out in __10_ of new lands,the Indo-European seem to have been generally successful in _11__ the countries they came to.
When a wave of them _12__ a territory already crowded,they _13__ the original population._14__ they lost their distinctive appearance by intermarrying with the earlier inhabitants,and sometimes they also _15__ most of the features of their language.When a _16__ went to a more thinly-settled territory,they naturally _17__ their physical characteristics comparatively unchanged for a much longer time;and they were likely to preserve the _18__ features of their language also,though the two things did not always go together.
The Slavic and Celltic languages,__19_ Indian,Persian ,and some others,are of Indo-Euro-pean origin,but the three branchs with _20__ English is most concerned are the Greek,Latin,and Germanic,particularly the last.
1) A which B whose C that D whom
2) A that B which C where D whose
3) A is ranging B range C have ranged D have been ranged
4) A into B towards C from D to
5) A records B recording C tapes D notes
6) A number B great C amount D deal
7) A either B neither C other D both
8) A evidence B points C understanding D knowing
9) A leave B would leave C left D were leaving
10) A search B wanting C looking D demanding
11) A conquer B conquering C defeat D defeating
12) A settled in B settled C settled down D settled to
13) A mix with B mixed together C mixed with D mix together
14) A on time B from time C by time D in time
15) A give in B gave in C gave up D give up
16) A branch B wave C group D kind
17) A preserve B reserve C preserved D reserved
18) A special B particular C distinguished D distinctive
19) A as well as B as good as C as well D as good
20) A them B which C the three branches D that
acbda dbaca bacdc bcdab EXERCISE 13
Although many governments try to convince their respective subjects that atomic energy is an acceptable alternative _1__ the burning of fossil fuels,no government has taken the least trouble to explain the dangers.Maybe they are __2_ them.__3_ the reason,the public must learn by experience,even though this _4__ may be catastrophic.
While it is true that nuclear reactors do not produce visible smoke,it is certainly not __5_ that they do not pollute.And the pollution they produce is much more insidious precisely because it is __6_.
__7_ inconvenient it may be for governments to publish all the facts,they have no moral excuse for not doing so,__8_ they think they are acting in our best interest.At least some of the facts are known,even though they are not widely reported.
Nuclear reactors produce radioactive water and gases in vast _9__.What __10_ all this waste?It is __11_ concrete tanks and stored on tank farms.It is __12_ in disused salt mines.It is run into fractured rock.It is buried.It is __13_ about in special trains.But even when dumped,it has to be kept __14_ by sprinklers to stop it from boiling.And the contents of the tanks are,of course,extremely corrosive.The efforts of a fracture in the tank or a failure of the cooling system would be _15__.
While every effort is made to _16__ that radioactive wastes do not excape into the sea or _17__ supplies of drinking water,such a leakage would be too horrible __18_ contemplate.But even then ,governments would presumably continue to belittle the hazards.
It seems that __19_ governments can get away with not telling the truth,they will continue to keep silent.Nevertheless the people _20__ to know the full facts.Do you know what happens to the radioactive waste in your country?No?Well—find out!
1) A for B with C to D instead of
2) A unaware of B aware of C unaware from D aware from
3) A however B whatever C whenever D wherever
4) A experiment B government C danger D experience
6) A visible B invisible C disvisible D unvisible
5) A unture B unreal C true D distrue
7) A however B whatever C whenever D wherever
8) A even B if even C if D even if
9) A numbers B quality C quantities D degree
10) A happens to B happen to C happened to D happening to
11) A put down B put into C put up D puto onto
12) A stored B storing C being stored D to be stored
13) A transporting B transport C being transported D transported
14) A hot B cooled C cool D to cool
15) A disaster B danger C a disaster D disastrous
16) A reassure B ensure C convince D assure
17) A in front of B behind C forward D into
18) A against B that C to D too
19) A as long as B as well as C as good as D as smart as
20) A has a right B with a right C having a right D have a right
cabdc badca badcd bdcad EXERCISE 14
I __1_ by myself in my usual compartment for at least 10 minutes,waiting __2_.The train never seemed to start on time and I often thought that I could have __3_ in bed a little longer,or had another cup of tea before _4__. Suddenly I heard someone __5_ on the platform outside.A young girl _6__ towards the train.The man on duty put out his hand __7_ but she ran past him and opened the door of my compartment.Then the whistle blew and the train started.
"I nearly missed it,__8_?"the girl said."How long does it take to _9__ London?"
"It depends on the engine driver."I said ,"Some day it's much slower than others."
"I'll have to __10_ so as not to be late again tomorrow,"she said."_11__ my first day at work with a new firm today and they told me that the man _12__ is very strict.I __13_ him yet so I don't know __14_ but he sounds a bit frightening."
She talked about the new job on the way to London and before long,I realized that she _15__ for my firm.I _16__ in the firm for nearly 20 years.Our boss was really a very strict man.My own secretary _17__ so I must be her new boss._18__ fair to her.
"Oh,dear,"she said."What a terrible mistake!I wish I _19__."
"Never mind,"I said."at least you'll know when you train's late_20__."
1) A have been sitting B had been sitting C sit D am sitting
2) A for the train to start B the train starting C the train start D for the train starting
3) A lain B laid C lied D lay
4) A I have left the home B I leave from home C leaving home D to leave home
5) A shouting B shouted C was shouting D be shouting
6) A running B runs C is running D was running
7) A stop her B stops her C and stopped her D to stop her
8) A haven't I B wasn't I C don't I D didn't I
9) A get to B reach to C arrive to D make to
10) A mend me the watch B mend me my watch C have my watch mended D have mended my watch
11) A there was B there is C it is D it was
12) A I am going to work for B what I am going to work for
C for which I am going to work D which I am going to work for
13) A did not meet B haven't met C didn't know D haven't known
14) A what he is like B what is he like C how he is D how is he
15) A had been working B will go to work C is going to work D was going to working
16) A had been working B have been working C worked D have worked
17) A was left B leaves C had left D have left
18) A there was B that was C it was D was
19) A know B knew C have known D had known
20) A so will the time be B the mine will be,too C so will mine D mine will be,too
baaca dddac cabad accdc EXERCISE 15
Glass is everywhere in our lives.It is so common __1_ we hardly think about it.We _2__ it when we look out of the window and if we wear glasses.We drink from it and sometimes eat from it.The light in our homes comes through glass windows in the daytime and from glass lights _3__.Glass __4_ in homes,schools,businesss,industry,and automobiles.
Fortunately for us,glass is __5_ very inexpensive materials.The main material is sand from quatz rock.The mixture is heated until it becomes a syrupy _6__. When the liquid cools,it becomes glass.
No one knows __7_ first discovered glass or how.Early humans used obsidian,a natural glass __8_ by volcanoes,to make tools and jewelry.People probably began making glass themselves around 3000 B.C. in Syria.Then in a war __9_ Egypt and Syria in 1400 B.C,Syria became part of Egypt.The Egyptians took Syrian glassmakers __10_ to Egypt,and over the centuries the entire eastern Mediterranean area became a glassmaking center.
Probably around 300 B.C. the blowpipe __11_. Egyptian glassmakers developed the use of the blowpipe.They specialized _12__ beautiful jewelry,dishes,and other containers.
The Romans soon started making their own glass.Then they _13__ that glass could be used to make windows.__14_ centuries later,Europeans made magnificent church windows __15_ colored glass.
__16_ 1900 companies have developed many new types of glass.Safety glass is a sandwich of glass and plastic.If it breaks,the pieces stay together _17__ flying in all directions.This invention is very useful _18__ automobile windows.
Today most glass is made __19_ machines in large factories.No one _20__ it. People use television and computers to control the machines.
1) A that B which C where D as
2) A look for B look in C look after D look through
3) A in night B at night C for night D with noght
4) A was used B used C is used D are used
5) A made from B made of C make from D make of
6) A solid B the solid C the liquid D liquid
7) A whom B whoever C who D whose
8) A was from B formed C was formed D was forming
9) A between B among C beneath D both
10) A from B go C back D come
11) A was discovered B was invented C discovered D invented
12) A in B on C for D from
13) A knew B recognized C told D realized
14) A few B little C a few D a little
15) A from B to C into D on
16) A because B as C for D since
17) A instead B take place of C instead of D replace
18) A on B onto C into D in
19) A into B for C by D from
20) A smells B touches C sees D feels
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EXERCISE 16
From the very beginning,water has furnished man with a source of food and a highway to travel.The first civilizations arose __1_ water was dominant element in the environment,a challenge__2_ man's ingenuity.The Egyptians invented the 365-day calendar __3_ the Nile's annual flooding.The Babylonians,_4__ were among the most famous law-makers in ancient times,invented laws_5__ water usage.Water inspired the Chinese to build a 1000__6_ canal,a complex system __7_,after 2500 years,remains partically __8_ and still commands the astonishment of engineers.But _9__ never found complete solutions_10__ their water problem .The Yellow River is also known _11__ "China's sorrow".It is so unpredictable and dangerous __12_ in a single flood it has caused a million _13__.Floods slowed the great _14__ of the Indus River Valleys,and innumerable damage ruined _15__ of its land.Today,water dominates man _16__ it always has done.Its presence continues to __17_ the location of his homes and cities;its violent variability can _18__ man or his herds or his crops;its routes links him __19_ his fellows;its immense value may __20_ to already dangerous political conflicts.There are many examples of this in our own time.
1) A where B the place C when D in the place
2) A with B as C to D on
3) A in regard to B in response to C in case D in spite of
4) A they B / C that D who
5) A regulates B regulate C regulated D regulating
6) A miles B mile C mile's D miles'
7) A who B in which C which D by which
8) A in use B for use C by use D on use
9) A ancient B the ancients C ancients D ancients people
10) A for B of C to D on
11) A for B by C to D as
12) A that B which C because D as
13) A people B deaths C damages D ruins
14) A influence B effect C society D civilization
15) A many B lot C much D a lots
16) A for B as C because D whereas
17) A effect B control C lead D influence
18) A cause B violate C kill D damage
19) A by B on C at D to
20) A increase B add C solve D intensify
acbdd dcabc dabdc bdcdb EXERCISE 17
According to government statistics,men of all social calsses in Britain visit pubs quite often,_1__ the kind of pub they go to may be different and their reasons for going there __2_,too.At present,they often take their wives or girlfriends,which _3__ to be the case.
The fact is that the Typical English pub is changing,not only __4_ the licensing laws not being so strict as they __5_,but also because publicans are trying to _6__ away with the old Victorian _7__ of the pub and _8__ provide couples with an atmosphere where they can both feel happy.Pubs used not to open __9_ at certain time.The result was that they were usually _10__ with men who seemed to be drinking as much as possible in the time_11__.But the kind of pub is quickly becoming a thing of the past.
Curiously enough,the old British licensing laws,which foreigners found so objectionable and absurd ,were_12___introduced as a_13___measure to stop workers drinking in the World War I.__14___,the strong puritanical _15__in Parliament took_16__of the law and_17__it.
Opening hours are _18__ limited to eight hours a day,but publicans can now choose which hours _19__ them best.And nowadays you can even get a cup of coffee if you prefer __20_ beer.But in spite of this the Puritans would never dream of admitting that a pub could become a repeatable place.
1) A and B though C when D as
2) A disagree B diverge C vary D deviate
3) A used not B not used C used D is used
4) A because B because of C as D in that
5) A were B are C used D had been
6) A take B do C keep D go
7) A sight B image C appearance D perception
8) A then B instead C further D still
9) A except B except for C only D only for
10) A covered B crowed C full D plenty
11) A available B proper C probable D accessible
12) A ordinarily B generally C originally D formely
13) A perpetual B temporary C uniform D temperate
14) A Nevertheless B However C Afterward D Furthermore
15) A factor B element C component D atom
16) A advantage B profit C use D charge
17) A retained B contained C maintained D protected
18) A even B just C but D still
19) A suit B match C meet D agree
20) A against B for C with D to
bcaba bbbab acbcb aadad EXERCISE 18
Each company has many "public" who would be able not only to recognize its name __1_ to correctly identify its industry and its _2__.These publics include present customers and stockholders as well as banks,insurance companies,stockbrokers,and securities __3_ who supply the company with essential services and capital.
The _4__ names of many well-established companies can be one of misinformation,thereby _5__ communication with them. This was the problem that faced Michigan Seamless Tube Company---a company with sales of 128 million a year. At first__6_,the company's name tell us that it is located in Michigan _7__ that it manifactures seamless tubing.What the name does not __8_ to most people is the fact Michigan Seamless tube also has operations in five __9_ states and has a varied production line of forgings,broaching machines,tools,ans steel bars in addition to seamless tubing.The problem was __10_ by the company's _11__ ,which operated _12__ their own names and were not clearly identified with the _13__ company.
Customers,suppliers,and the financial community did not see Michigan Aeamless Tube as a _14__ based metal producer.They perceived it only as a small,_15__,regional manufacturing company.The company's __16_ decided to adopt a new corporate identity.
The _17__ point for this change was the company name. The new name had to be one that could encompass all of the company's products and subsidiaries, a name that would correctly project the image of a _18__ corporation.After considering many different possibilities,management decided on a __19_ word:Quanex--- a name _20__ from a combination of the first three letters of the word "quality" and the first three letters of the Latin word "nex",which means connection.
1) A and B but C however D either
2) A production B product C producing D by-product
3) A analytical B analyst C analysis D analysts
4) A business B co-operation C incorporation D corporate
5) A limiting B limits C limit D limited
6) A glance B view C watch D consideration
7) A and B but C so D however
8) A pass B transfer C convey D transmit
9) A else B others C other D rest
10) A decreased B increasingly C increased D compounded
11) A headquarters B plants C agents D subsidiaries
12) A in B under C with D have
13) A parent B mother C head office D original
14) A broadly B sizebly C competitively D largely
15) A specialized B special C specialty D specialization
16) A managements B managerial C managers D management
17) A first B start C begin D starting
18) A diversification B dicersifying C diversify D diversified
19) A created Bcoined C made D imagined
20) A resulted B compounded C derived D changed
bbdda aaccd dbaaa dddbc EXERCISE 19
During the 1980s,unemployment and underemployment in some countries was as high as 90 percent.Some countries did not _1__ enough food;basic needs in housing and clothing were not _2__.Many of these countries looked to the industrial processes of the developed countries _3__ solutions.
__4_,problems cannot always be solved by copying the Industrialized countries.Industry in the developed countries is highly automated and very __5_.It provides fewer jobs than labor-intensive industrial processes,and highly __6_ workers are needed to _7__ and repair the equipment.These workers must be trained _8__ many countries do not have the necessary training institutions.Thus,the __9_ of importing industry become higher.Students must be sent abroad to _10__ vocational and professional training.__11_,just to begin training,the students must _12__ learn English,French,German,or Japanese.The students then spend many years abroad,and _13__ do not return home.
All countries agree that science and technology _14__ be shared.The point is:countries __15_ the industrial precesses of the developed countries need to look carefully _16__ the costs,because many of these costs are _17__. Students from these countries should __18_ the problem of the developed countries closely.__19_ care,they will take home not the problem of science and technology,_20__ the benefits.
1) A generate B raise C produce D manufacture
2) A answered B met C calculated D remembered
3) A for B without C as D about
4) A moreover B therefore C anyway D however
5) A expensive B mechanical C flourishing D complicated
6) A gifted B skilled C trained D versatile
7) A keep B maintain C retain D protect
8) A since B so C and D yet
9) A charge B price C cost D value
10) A accept B gain C receive D absorb
11) A frequently B incidentally C deliberately D eventually
12) A soon B quickly C immediately D first
13) A some B others C several D few
14) A might B should C would D will
15) A adopting B conducting C receiving D adjusting
16) A to B at C on D about
17) A opaque B secret C sealed D hidden
18) A tackle B learn C study D manipulate
19) A in B through C with D under
20) A except B nor C or D but
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EXERCISE 20
Predictions of many robots in industry have yet come true.For ten years or more,manufacturers of big robots have explained how their machines can make industry more competitive and productive.The maker for _1__ robots is oversupplied now,and the driving force of the robotics revolution is _2__ to be with maker of machines that handle a few kilos at most.
"Heavy-robot manufacturers are in some difficulty __3_ finding customers.They are offering big __4_ just to get in the door.There has been a _5__ growth everywhere in the numbers of robots,so we admit we are either deceiving __6_ or that the market is slowly growing."said John Reekie,chairman of Colen Robotics."The following things must happen__7_ the robotics revolution to occur.We must achieve widespread robot literacy._8__ there has been a computer __9_ program,there must be a robot literacy program.__10_,some kind of artificial intelligence needs to be _11__.
Colen makes educational robots and machine tools.It is small _12__ with companies like ASEA or Fujitsu Fanuc. But Colen with others in departments in universities such as Surrey,Manchester,and Durham posses an advantage _13__ the giants.The big companies sell very expensive _14__ to businesses with expert knowledge in automation.The _15__ companies make robots for teaching people,and now they have realized that there is a need for small,__16_ robots that they can meet.
The little companies either bring their educational machines _17__ an industrial standard or design from the start.One technique that they all adopt is to choose __18_ components where possible.The major cost of making __19_ their models is the electronics,which will fall in price.There is _20__ scope for reductions in mechanical costs.The use of standard parts,which are easily replaced,should give these robots a mechanical life of something in the order of five years.
1) A small B educational C big D business
2) A claimed B called C thought D told
3) A to B with C over D in
4) A money B discounts C prices D costs
5) A exciting B encouraging C satisfying D disapointing
6) A ourselves B customers C companies D us
7) A to B for C in D with
8) A as if B even though C just as D although
9) A custom B literacy C poem D tradition
10) A however B finally C whereas D because
11) A capable B possible C probable D available
12) A compared B comparing C contrasted D contrasting
13) A than B above C over D from
14) A tools B robots C machines D electronics
15) A other B big C little D robot
16) A expensive B artificial C educational D low-cost
17) A up to B on C in D about
18) A mechanical B standard C cheap D small
19) A much B many C both D some
20) A more B less C no D least
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