第一篇
Why is it that flying to New York from London will leave you feeling less tired than flying to London from New York? The answer may be a clear case of biology not being able to keep up with technology.
Deep inside the brain there is a clock that governs every aspect of the body's functioning: sleep and wake cycles, levels of alertness, performance, mood, hormone levels, digestion, body temperature and so on. It regulates all of these functions on a 24-hour basis and is called the biological clock.
This body clocks programmes us to be sleepy twice a day, between 3-5am and again between 3-5pm. Afternoon tea and nap are all cultural responses to our natural biological sleepiness in the afternoon.
One of the major causes of the travelers’ malady known as jet lag is the non-alignment of aperson's internal body clock with clocks in the external world. Crossing different time zones confuses thebiological clock, which then has to adjust to the new time and patterns of light and activity. To make matters more complex, not all internal body functions adjust at the same rate. So your sleep/wake may adjustto a new time zone at one rate, while your temperature adjusts at a different pace. Your digestion may beon a different schedule altogether.
Though we live in a 24-hour day, the natural tendency of the body clock is to extend our day beyond 24 hours. It is contrary to our biological programming to "shrink" our day.
That is why traveling in a westward direction is more body-clock friendly than flying east. NASA studies of long haul pilots showed that westward travel was associated with significantly better sleep quantity and quality than eastward flights.
When flying west, you are "extending" your day, thus traveling in the natural direction of your internal clock. Flying eastward will involve "shrinking" or reducing your day and is in direct opposition to your internal clock's natural tendency.
One of the more common complaints of travelers is that their sleep becomes disrupted. There aremany reasons for this: changing time zones and schedules, changing light and activity levels, trying tosleep when your body clock is programmed to be awake, disruption of the internal biological clock andworking longer hours.
It is often suggested that you adjust your watch as soon as you board a plane, supposedly to try to help you adjust to your destination’s schedule as soon as you arrive. But it can take the body clock several days to several weeks to fully adjust to a new time zone.
So, our body clock truly can "govern" us.
31.The role of the body clock is to.
A. enable us to sleep 6 hours a day
B. help us adapt to a 24-hour cycle
C. regulate the body's functions
D. interfere with the body's functions
32. The word "malady" in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to.
A. "condition"
B. "discomfort"
C. "injury"
D. "excitement"
33. Flying in a westward direction will .
A. help you sleep better
B. increase the degree of jet lag
C. shrink your day
D. make you overeat
34. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason for the disrupted sleep of travelers?
A. Crossing different time zones.
B. Changing light and activity levels.
C. Working longer hours.
D. Watching out of the plane for a long time.
35. It can be seen from the lasttwo paragraphs that .
A. you can control your own body clock
B. it is not difficult to adjust to a new time zone
C. adjusting your watch can help you avoid jet lag
D. there isn’t much you can do to avoid jet lag
第二篇
After two decades of discredit, Keynes' prescriptions for state intervention when free markets stumble have returned to dominate the national agenda. For example, any solution to the problem of federal budget deficits will probably involve raising tax revenues and also stimulating employment, the traditional Keynesian priority. Another of the economic blueprints calls for hiking income taxes while encouraging investment through restored tax breaks for business. To offset higher taxes, neo-Keynesians revise the old remedy by lowering interest rates, spending less on public works and boosting productivity through the development and application of high technology. "The urgent need," says Harvard's Summers, "is to balance the federal budgets and create jobs.”
To some extent, Keynesianism has come back into favor almost by default. Monetarists, let by University of Chicago Professor Emeritus Milton Friedman, espoused their single-minded program; Fend offinflation by strictly controlling the money supple and leave everything else to the free-market which on itsown produces as much growth and employment as an economy can sustain. While supply-siders like Arthur Laffer suggested deep tax cuts in the belief that they would unleash entrepreneurial energy and easeWashington’s stranglehold on the free market. But the two doctrines have proved unable either to staveoff or to explain the recession during the George Bush administration. Freemarket theories just failed tobuild a viable set of models.
Keynes also owes his comeback to an articulate group of young academics. Among the rising-star disciples are Harvard economist Jeffrey Sachs now knows as "Father of the Shock Therapy," and MIT's Alan Blinder, current economic advisor to President Bill Clinton. "The traditional Keynesian reflex to reduce unemployment merely by pumping up spending," says Alan Blinder, "is gone forever." He aims at balancing the federal budget and raising investment primarily by increasing taxes. Sachs also argues that more than half of the deficit gap should be closed by tax increases. Both of them urge greater coordination among the G-7 on fiscal and monetary policy as the only way to head off a global recession.
词汇：intervention n.调停，干涉 espouse vt.信奉，采纳fiscal adj.财政的，会计的
36. What is the main subject of the topic?
A. The celebrated neo-Keynesians.
B. The discredit of Keynesianism.
C. The predominance of free-market theories.
D. The retroboon of Keynesianism.
37. According to the passage, what is NOT mentioned as the major point of neo-Keynesianism?
A. Slashing tax revenues.
B. Lowering interest rates.
C. Increasing taxes.
D. Raising investment.
38. The word "default" as used in sentence 1, paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to________.
A. an automatic selection
B. failure to pay debts
C. negligence
D. no competitors
39. According to the passage, who are the most notable apostles now spreading the economic gospel of John M. Keynes?
A. Alan Blinder and Jeffrey Sachs
B. Alan Blinder and Milton Friedman
C. Jeffrey Sachs and Arthur Latter
D. Milton Friedman and Arthur Latter
40. According to the passage, what do the neo-Keynesians urge to prevent a world wide recession?
A. Expansion of international trade.
B. Dismantling tariff barriers.
C. Financial coordination among big industrialized nations.
D. Global investment credit for plant-and-equipment purchases.
第三篇
The word science is heard so often in modern times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. On the other hand, its definition is difficult for many people. The meaning of the term is confused, but everyone should understand its meaning and objectives. Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge (facts).
Even in the true sciences distinguishing fact from fiction is not always easy. For this reason great care should be taken to distinguish between beliefs and truths. There is no danger as long as a clear difference is made between temporary and proved explanations. For example, hypotheses and theories are attempts to explain natural phenomena. From these positions the scientist continues to experiment and observe until they are proved or discredited (使不相信). The exact status of any explanation should be clearly labeled to avoid confusion.
The objectives of science are primarily the discovery and the subsequent understanding of the unknown. Man cannot be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature or that questions are unanswerable; he must solve them. Toward that end specialists in the field of biology and related fields of interest are directing much of their time and energy.
Actually, two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other is aimed at using knowledge for specific purposes—for instance, improving health, raising standards of living, or creating new consumer products. In this case knowledge is put to economic use. Such an approach is referred to as applied science.
Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its immediateapplication for economic rewards. Scientists responsible for many of the discoveries could hardly haveanticipated that their findings would one day result in applications of such a practical nature as those directly related to life and death. The discovery of one bit of information opens the door to the discovery ofanother. Some discoveries seem so simple that one is amazed they were not madeyears ago; however,one should remember that the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell.The host of scientists dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic (抱歉) about ignoring thepractical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied.
词汇：distinguishn.辨认，区别 dedicatevt.奉献，致力
41. To define science we may simply call it________.
A. the study of unrelated fields
B. classified knowledge
C. the study of unrelated subjects
D. an attempt to explain natural phenomena
42. Pure science, leading to the construction of a microscope________.
A. is not always as pure as we suppose
B. necessarily results from applied science and the discovery of a cell
C. may lead to anti-scientific, "impure" results
D. necessarily precedes applied science, leading to the discovery of the cell
43. A scientist being interested in adding to our general knowledge about oxygen would probably call his approach__________.
A. pure science
B. environmental science
C. applied science
D. agricultural science
44. Which of the following statements does the author imply?
A. In science, it is not difficult to distinguish fact from fiction.
B. Practical-minded people can understand the meaning and objectives of pure science.
C. Scientists engaged in theoretical research should not be blamed for ignoring the practical side of their discoveries.
D. Today few people have any notions of the meaning of science.
45. The best title for the passage is _______.
A. Hypotheses and Theories
B. On Distinguishing Fact from Fiction
C. The Nature of Science and Scientists
D. Biology and the Scientific Age
参考答案
第一篇
31. C 32. B 33. A 34. D 35. D
第二篇
36. D 37. A 38. D 39. A 40. C
第三篇
41. B 42. D 43. A 44. C 45. C
