上海大学《英语语言学》2011年初试考研大纲

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　　考试科目：英语语言学

　　适用专业：外国语言学与应用语言学

　　复习要求：

　　要求考生熟悉语言和语言学的本质以及英语语言学发展的来龙去脉，掌握英语语言学中的基本概念、基础理论、分科和流派观点，能准确和流畅地借用英语语言学中的理论诠释现实生活中的语言文化问题与现象。

　　二、主要复习内容：

　　1、What Is Language?

　　重点：origins of language; properties and design features of language; development of written language.

　　2、What Is Linguistics?

　　重点：definition of linguistics; scope of linguistics; some important distinctions in linguistics; traditional vs modern linguistics; descriptive vs prescriptive grammar; langue vs parole; competence vs performance; synchronic vs diachronic linguistics; functionalism vs formalism.

　　3、Phonetics and Phonology

　　重点：definition of phonetics; organs of speech; place and manners of articulation; broad and narrow transcriptions; classification of English vowels and consonants; liaison; definition of phonology; phone, phoneme, and allophone; phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, distinctive features; and minimal pair and sets; some rules in phonology like sequential rules, assimilation rules, and deletion rules; suprasegmental features like stress, tone and intonation, and their functions in communication

　　4、Morphology

　　重点：definition of morphology; free and bound morphemes; derivational vs and inflectional; morphological rules; morphs and allomorphs; word-formation processes like coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronym, derivation, prefixes, suffixes, and infixes.

　　5、Grammar / Syntax

　　重点：types of grammar / syntax; definition of grammar / syntax; parts of speech / word classes; traditional grammar, grammatical categories, and grammatical analysis; the prescriptive and descriptive approaches; structural and immediate constituent analysis; transformational generative grammar; systemic functional grammar; labeled and bracketed sentences; basic components of a sentence; types of sentences; linear and hierarchical structures of sentences; lexical and phrasal categories; grammatical relations; combinational rules; syntactic movement and movement rules; general principles and parameters of Universal Grammar; deep and surface structure; structural ambiguity; labeled tree diagrams.

　　6、Semantics

　　重点：definition of semantics; some views concerning the study of meaning; word meaning; semantic triangle; sense and reference; seven types of meaning; semantic field; major sense relations like synonymy, polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy, and antonymy; componential analysis; sense relations between sentences; sentence meaning; sentence meaning and proposition; semantic roles; meaning and logic: entailment, presupposition, implicature; metaphor; metonymy; collocation; prototypes; componential and predication analysis.

　　7、Pragmatics

　　重点：definition of pragmatics; context; sentence meaning versus utterance meaning; speech act theory; principles of conversation; cooperative principle and its maxims; conversational implicatures; politeness principle; deixis; reference; anaphora; presupposition.

　　8、Discourse Analysis

　　重点：Interpreting discourse; cohesion and coherence; conjunctions; discourse markers; conversational discourse analysis; adjacency pairs; preference structure; presequences; information structure; given & new information; topic & comment; contrast; how to do discourse analysis

　　9、Historical Linguistics

　　重点：The purpose and significance of historical linguistics; the nature and causes of language change; major periods in the history of English; linguistic change of English; language family

　　10、Sociolinguistics

　　重点：Speech community and speech variety; personal, regional and social dialects, stylistics, and idiolectal variation; standard and non-standard language; lingua franca, pidgins, and Creoles; diglossia and bilingualism; Black English; educational, age, gender and register varieties; slang, linguistic taboo, and euphemism; code switching.

　　12、Psycholinguistics

　　重点：biological foundations of language; linguistic lateralization; the language centers; the critical period for language acquisition; early views on language and thought; arguments for and against the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis; understanding the relationship between language and thought.

　　13、First Language Acquisition

　　重点：biological basis of language acquisition; roles of input and interaction, instruction, correction and reinforcement, and imitation; the four stages of first language acquisition; the development of the grammatical system (e.g. phonology, syntax, vocabulary, semantics, and morphology).

　　14、Second Language Acquisition

　　重点：Acquisition versus learning; transfer and interference; the natural route of SLA development; contrastive analysis, error analysis; interlanguage and fossilization; the role of input and formal instruction; individual learner factors like age, motivation, acculturation, and personality.

　　三、参考书：

　　1、The Study of Language（语言研究） George Yule，外语教学与研究出版社，剑桥大学出版社，2004（或其他年份或版次的同一部著作）

　　2、《新编语言学教程》，刘润清、文旭编著，外语教学与研究出版社，2006年3月第一版。