词汇选择是职称英语中第一个考试项目,它考查大家在一定语境下对单词或短语的理解。从表面上,这是词汇的考题,实际上这是一种最简单的阅读理解题。这里要给大家澄清一个概念,任何一种语言的语义最小单位是句子,而不是词。但是词汇或短语的理解对于句子的理解起着重要的作用。 词汇不足的人在英文听、说、读、写各方面的能力都会受到严重限制。一般大多数人认为背单词既吃力,又成效不大。实际上,若能采用适当的方法,不仅可以缩短扩大词汇量所需的时间,并且能提高记忆单词的质量。下面向大家推荐六种单词记忆法,仅供参考。 一、结合记忆法 将比较生疏,不常用的单词放入一定的语言环境——句子中,结合句意来记忆单词。遇到此单词时,若词义忘记,则可通过回忆所在句子的意思来记忆单词。例如: slope n.① 倾斜;坡度;斜度 There is always a certain slope in a ship's deck. 船的甲板总有几分倾斜。 ② 斜面;斜坡 We climbed the steep slope of the hill. 我们爬了那座陡峭的斜坡。 vi. 倾斜 The railroad slopes up slightly at this point. 铁路在此处有轻微的倾斜。 critical adj.① 批评(性)的,吹毛求疵的 I don't like people who are too critical about everything. 我不喜欢对每件事都太吹毛求疵的人。 ② 紧要的,关键的;危急的 His condition is reported as being very critical. 据报告他的情况非常危急。 通过此法来掌握词汇,既有助于记住单词本身的拼写、拼读,又可同时熟悉词的词义、词性、用法和搭配,比孤立地背记单词效果要好。 二、同类记忆法 将同类词汇收集在一起,同时背记,效果会比较好。 注意,同类词汇与同义词不同:同义词是指意思相同,而同类词是指基本属性相同、具体意义的层次,级别或范围不同的一类词汇。例如:headmaster和principal是同义词,都表示,“中小学校长”;“president”和“chancellor”是同义词,都表示大专院校“校长”。这两组词是同类词汇,都表示“校长"”,但具体级别不同,所以两组词不是同义词。 再如,bachelor(学士)、master(硕士),doctor(博士)三个词都表示学位授予的情况,但具体级别不同,所以这三个词也是一组同类词汇。 这样,将同类词汇放在一起记忆,当遇到其中一个词时,头脑中出现的就是一组词,效率大大提高了。 三、比较记忆法 把同义词或形似词放在一起,加以区别。记忆的过程是一组组,一对对单词同时记忆。职称英语中有很大一部分都是对同义词或近义词的考察,需要平时进行记忆和积累。 例题1:The researchers have just completed a study of driving situations.(2004年职称英语卫生类C级) A. started B. finished C. changed D. made 答案:B 例题2:Michael is now merely a good friend.(2004年职称英语卫生类C级) A. largely B. possibly C. just D. rarely 答案:C 四、构词法记忆法 通过掌握构词法来记忆单词。英语主要有三种构词法: 1)转化,即由一个词类转化为另一个词类。例如: picture(n)画——picture(v)描绘 water(n)水——water(v)浇水 例题1:He has trouble understanding that other people judge him by his social skills and conduct. (2003年职称英语卫生类C级) A. behavior B. style C. mode D. attitude 答案:A 解释: cnduct(v.)引导,管理,为人,传导 cnduct (n.)操守,行为 cnductor(n.)列车员,售票员,指挥者,导体等 例题2:The ice is not thick enough to bear the weight of a tank.(2004年职称英语卫生类C级) A. suffer B. accept C. receive D. endure 答案:D 解释: bear(n.)熊 bear(v.)负担,忍受,带给,具有,挤 2)派生,即通过加前缀或后缀构成另一个词,例如: happy → unhappy(加前缀)happiness(加后缀) 例题1:The workers in that factory manufacture furniture. (2003年职称英语卫生类C级) A. promote B. paint C. polish D. produce 答案:D 例题2:Even in a highly modernized country, manual work is a still needed. (2003年职称英语卫生类C级) A. mental B. physical C. natural D. hard 答案:B man-、manu- = hand manage(管理)、manual(体力的,手册)、manuscript(手写稿)、manufacture(生产)、manumit(释放); 例题3:About one million Americans are diagnosed,annually with skin cancer. (2004年职称英语卫生类C级) A. every year B. severely C. actively D. every month 答案:A ann= year anniversaire(French)、anniversary、annals(编年史)、annuity(年金) 3)合成,即由两个或更多的词合成一个词。例如: wood(木)cut(刻)→ woodcut(木刻) pea(豌豆)nuts(坚果)→ peanut(花生) 例题1:In the latter case the outcome can be serious indeed. (2003年职称英语卫生类C级) A. judgement B. result C. decision D. event 答案:B 五、根义记忆法 利用根义代替记忆多义,可以解决“没有生词”却老读不懂的问题。 比如要问immediate(ly)是否已记住,回答当然是肯定的。那么就请看下面三个“没有生词”的片段: a)The woman walks immediately behind the car. b)She is my immediate neighbor. c)the immediate cause 若没有读懂,那么就请看immediate(ly)根义:中间没有间隔(地) 1)(时间)立刻; 2)(空间)紧挨,通接,紧跟, 3)(关系)直接 例题1:He will leave immediately. (2005职称英语用书) A. far away B. right away C. right here D. soon 答案:B 例题2:Can you follow the plot?(2003年职称英语卫生类C级) A. change B. investigate C. understand D. write 答案:C 请看下面几句中的“follow”分别都是什么意思? She went into the building, followed by a group of students. The teacher says that everybody should follow the rule here. I'm sorry, but I can't follow you. 六、容易混淆词的特别记忆 (1)有些字可当形容词又可当副词,例如:early;past;half;long;straight;fast;hard;quick;deep;slow; pretty;awful;wrong;right;high;late;hourly;early;weekly;etc. We had an early breakfast.(形容词) We went by a fast train.(形容词) We had breakfast early.(副词) Don't speak so fast.(副词) (2)有些形容词变为副词,可在字尾加ly,也可以不加,不过在字义上不同。 (A)easy “安适地”;easily “容易地”: Stand easy! He's not easily satisfied. (B)clear ( = completely “完全地“;clearly“显然地”) The bullet went clear through the door. The thieves got clearly away. (C)high “高”;highly “很、非”; The birds are flying high. He was highly praised for his work. (D)slow和slowly当副词时同义,但slow比slowly语气强。 I told the driver to go slow(er). Drive slowly round these bends in the road. (E)hard“辛苦地“;hardly“几乎不” He works hard.(= He is a hard worker.) He hardly does anything nowadays.(= He does very little nowadays.) (F)just“刚才;仅”;justly“公正地” I've just seen him. He was justly punished. (G)late“迟”;lately(= recently)“最近地” He went to bed late. I haven't seen Mr. Green lately. (H)pretty(= fairly, moderately)“十分,颇”; prettily(= in a pretty way, attractively)“漂亮地” The situation seems pretty hopeless. She was prettily dressed. |
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