英语四级考试词汇基础提高讲义

　　第二部分：词汇基础
　　一、单词记忆方法
　　1.遗忘发生的规律：艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线图
　　2.及时复习记忆单词
　　3.遗忘的原因：干扰(interference)还是消退(decay)?
　　前摄抑制与倒摄抑制
　　4.黑白记忆法
　　5.利用构词法提高记忆效率
　　6.少食多餐
　　7.联想记忆
　　8.集中强化学习英语的作用
　　Give a man a fish and he eats for a day.
　　Teach him how to fish and he eats for a lifetime.
　　二、单词的辐射作用
　　一)单词在写作中的作用
　　Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags
　　1) 一次性塑料袋曾广为使用
　　2) 由此带来的问题
　　3) 限制使用一次性塑料袋的意义
　　A serious problem our country has been faced with is the widespread use of disposable plastic bags in the past. These bags could be seen everywhere, from restaurants to department stores, and from university campuses to school children’s playgrounds.
　　It goes without saying that these bags have brought about a wide variety of problems. In the first place, they pollute our environment because, as everyone knows, it takes the bags hundreds of years to disintegrate. Meanwhile, they emit dangerous gases when burned. In the second place, it is a huge waste if we do not use these bags again. This goes against the grains of “sustainable development”. Last but not least, these bags make our cities dirty, which is the reason why they are called “white pollution”.
　　 We can benefit a lot from limiting the use of these bags. First of all, a lot of natural resources will be saved if fewer plastic bags are used. Furthermore, our environment will be made much more beautiful, which can help us to build a “harmonious society”.
　　 The Digital Age
　　 1) 如今数字化产品得到越来越广泛的使用，例如……
　　 2) 数字化产品的使用对人们工作、学习和生活产生的影响。
　　 Nowadays, digital products are enjoying growing popularity among people. Take my own daily routine as an example. The first thing I do right after waking up is turn on my cell phone to see if there’s any new message. Then I turn on my computer to keep myself informed of the latest news. On my way to school, I listen to music on my iPod. At the end of the day, hardly have I got back to dormitory when I turn on my computer again to surf the internet.
　　 Why are we so fond of those digital products which we didn’t possess one of two decades ago? The answer is simple—they are doing us good; they are making our lives comfortable and convenient. As I have mentioned, the internet provides us with latest news much faster than newspapers; likewise, cell phone provides us with a convenient means to talk to the person we want wherever we are. To draw a conclusion, comfort and convenience, the two key words characterizing the trend of new inventions of modern times, are the main reasons for the wide-use of digital products.
　　 二)单词在阅读中的作用
　　 Section A
　　 Some years ago I was offered a writing assignment that would require three months of travel through Europe. I had been abroad a couple of times, but I could hardly _____1_____ to know my way around the continent. Moreover, my knowledge of foreign languages was _____2_____ to a little college French.
　　 I hesitated. How would I, unable to speak the language, _____3_____ unfamiliar with local geography or transportation systems, set up _____4_____ and do research? It seemed impossible, and with considerable _____5_____ I sat down to write a letter begging off. Halfway through, a thought ran through my mind: you can’t learn if you don’t try. So I accepted the assignment.
　　 There were some bad _____6_____. But by the time I had finished the trip I was an experienced traveler. And ever since, I have never hesitated to head for even the most remote of places, without guides or even _____7_____ bookings, confident that somehow I will manage.
　　 The point is that the new, the different, is almost by definition _____8_____. But each time you try something, you learn, and as the learning piles up, the world opens to you.
　　 I’ve learned to ski at 40, and flown up the Rhine River in a _____9_____. And I know I’ll go on doing such things. It’s not because I’m braver or more daring than others. I’m not. But I’ll accept anxiety as another name for challenge and I believe I can _____10_____ wonders.
　　 A) accomplish B) advanced C) balloon D) claim
　　 E) constantly F) declare G) interviews H) limited
　　 I) manufacture J) moments K) news L) reduced
　　 M) regret N) scary O) totally

　　 Section B
　　 Global warming may or may not be the great environmental crisis of the 21st century, but—regardless of whether it is or isn’t—we won’t do much about it. We will argue over it and may even, as a nation, make some fairly solemn-sounding commitments to avoid it. But the more dramatic and meaningful these commitments seem, the less likely they are to be observed.
　　 Al Gore calls global warming an “inconvenient truth”, as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution. But the real truth is that we don’t know enough to relieve global warming, and—without major technological breakthroughs—we can’t do much about it.
　　 From 2003 to 2050, the world’s population is projected to grow from 6.4 billion to 9.1 billion, a 42% increase. If energy use per person and technology remain the same, total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions (mainly, CO2) will be 42% higher in 2050. But that’s too low, because societies that grow richer use more energy. We need economic growth unless we condemn the world’s poor to their present poverty and freeze everyone else’s living standards. With modest growth, energy use and greenhouse emissions more than double by 2050.
　　 No government will adopt rigid restrictions on economic growth and personal freedom (limits on electricity usage, driving and travel) that might cut back global warming. Still, politicians want to show they’re “doing something”. Consider the Kyoto Protocol(京都议定书). It allowed countries that joined to punish those that didn’t. But it hasn’t reduced CO2 emissions (up about 25% since 1990), and many signatories(签字国)didn’t adopt tough enough policies to hit their 2008-2012 targets.
　　 The practical conclusion is that if global warming is a potential disaster, the only solution is new technology. Only an aggressive research and development program might find ways of breaking our dependence on fossil fuels or dealing with it.
　　 The trouble with the global warming debated is that it has become a moral problem when it’s really an engineering one. The inconvenient truth is that if we don’t solve the engineering problem, we’re helpless.
　　 1. What is said about global warming in the first paragraph?
　　 A) It may not prove an environment crisis at all.
　　 B) It is an issue requiring worldwide commitments.
　　 C) Serious steps have been taken to avoid or stop it.
　　 D) Very little will be done to bring it under control.
　　 2. According to the author’s understanding, what is Al Gore’s view on global warming?
　　 A) It is a reality both people and politicians are unaware of.
　　 B) It is a phenomenon that causes us many inconveniences.
　　 C) It is a problem that can be solved once it is recognized.
　　 D) It is an area we actually have little knowledge about.
　　 3. Greenhouse emissions will more than double by 2050 because of __________.
　　 A) economic growth B) wasteful use of energy
　　 C) the widening gap between the rich and the poor
　　 D) the rapid advances of science and technology
　　 4. The author believes that, since the signing of the Kyoto Protocol, __________.
　　 A) politicians have started to do something to better the situation
　　 B) few nations have adopted real tough measures to limit energy use
　　 C) reductions in energy consumption have greatly cut back global warming
　　 D) international cooperation has contributed to solving environmental problems
　　 5. What is the message the author intends to convey?
　　 A) Global warming is more of a moral issue than a practical one.
　　 B) The ultimate solution to global warming lies in new technology.
　　 C) The debate over global warming will lead to technological breakthrough.
　　 D) People have to give up certain material comforts to stop global warming.
　　 Skimming and Scannin
　　 As never before in their long history, universities have become instruments of national competition as well as instruments of peace. They are the place of the scientific discoveries that move economies forward, and the primary means of educating the talent required to obtain and maintain competitive advantage. But at the same time, the opening of national borders to the flow of goods, services, information and especially people has made universities a powerful force for global integration, mutual understanding and geopolitical stability.
　　 In response to the same forces that have driven the world economy, universities have become more self-consciously global: seeking students from around the world who represent the entire range of cultures and values, sending their own students abroad to prepare them for global careers, offering courses of study that address the challenges of an interconnected world and collaborative(合作的)research programs to advance science for the benefit of all humanity.
　　 Of the forces shaping higher education none is more sweeping than the movement across borders. Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at an annual rate of 3.9 percent, from 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004. Most travel from one developed nation to another, but the flow from developing to developed countries is growing rapidly. The reverse flow, from developed to developing countries, is on the rise, too. Today foreign students earn 30 percent of the doctoral degrees awarded in the United States and 38 percent in the United Kingdom. And the number crossing borders for undergraduate study is growing as well, to 8 percent of the undergraduates at America’s best institutions and 10 percent of all undergraduates in the U.K. In the United States, 20 percent of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born, and in China many newly hired faculty members at the top research universities received their graduate education abroad.
　　 Universities are also encouraging students to spend some of their undergraduate years in another country. In Europe, more than 140,000 students participate in the Erasmus program each year, taking courses for credit in one of 2,200 participating institutions across the continent. And in the United States, institutions are helping place students in summer internships(实习)abroad to prepare them for global careers. Yale and Harvard have led the way, offering every undergraduate at least one international study or internship opportunity—and providing the financial resources to make it possible.
　　 Globalization is also reshaping the way research is done. One new trend involves sourcing portions of a research program to another country. Yale professor and Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Tian Xu directs a research center focused on the genetics of human disease at Shanghai’s Fudan University, in collaboration with faculty colleagues from both schools. The Shanghai center has 95 employees and graduate students working in a 4,300-square-meter laboratory facility. Yale faculty, postdoctors and graduate students visit regularly and attend videoconference seminars with scientists from both campuses. The arrangement benefits both countries; Xu’s Yale lab is more productive, thanks to the lower costs of conducting research in China, and Chinese graduate students, postdoctors and faculty get on-the-job training from a world-class scientist and his U.S. team.
　　 As a result of its strength in science, the United States has consistently led the world in the commercialization of major new technologies, from the mainframe computer and the integrated circuit of the 1960s to the Internet infrastructure(基础设施)and applications software of the 1990s. The link between university-based science and industrial application is often indirect but sometimes highly visible: Silicon Valley was intentionally created by Stanford University, and Route 128 outside Boston has long housed companies spun off from MIT and Harvard. Around the world, governments have encouraged copying of this model, perhaps most successfully in Cambridge, England, where Microsoft and scores of other leading software and biotechnology companies have set up shop around the university.
　　 For all its success, the United States remains deeply hesitant about sustaining the research-university model. Most politicians recognize the link between investment in science and national economic strength, but support for research funding has been unsteady. The budget of the National Institutes of Health doubled between 1998 and 2003, but has risen more slowly than inflation since then. Support for the physical sciences and engineering barely kept pace with inflation during that same period. The attempt to make up lost ground is welcome, but the nation would be better served by steady, predictable increases in science funding at the rate of long-term GDP growth, which is on the order of inflation plus 3 percent per year.
　　 American politicians have great difficulty recognizing that admitting more foreign students can greatly promote the national interest by increasing international understanding. Adjusted for inflation, public funding for international exchanges and foreign-language study is well below the levels of 40 years ago. In the wake of September 11, changes in the visa process caused a dramatic decline in the number of foreign students seeking admission to U.S. universities, and a corresponding surge in enrollments in Australia, Singapore and the U.K. Objections from American university and business leaders led to improvements in the process and a reversal of the decline, but the United States is still seen by many as unwelcoming to international students.
　　 Most Americans recognize that universities contribute to the nation’s well-being through their scientific research, but many fear that foreign students threaten American competitiveness by taking their knowledge and skills back home. They fail to grasp that welcoming foreign students to the United States has two important positive effects: first, the very best of them stay in the States and—like immigrants throughout history—strengthen the nation; and second, foreign students who study in the United States become ambassadors for many of its most cherished(珍视)values when they return home. Or at least they understand them better. In America as elsewhere, few instruments of foreign policy are as effective in promoting peace and stability as welcoming international university students. (1014 words)
　　 1. From the first paragraph we know that present-day universities have become __________.
　　 A) more and more research-oriented B) in-service training organizations
　　 C) more popularized than ever before D) a powerful force for global integration
　　 2. Over the past three decades, the enrollment of overseas students has increased __________.
　　 A) by 2.5 million B) by 800,000
　　 C) at an annual rate of 3.9 percent D) at an annual rate of 8 percent
　　 3. In the United States, how many of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born?
　　 A) 10% B) 20% C) 30% D) 38%
　　 4. How do Yale and Harvard prepare their undergraduates for global careers?
　　 A) They organize a series of seminars on world economy.
　　 B) They offer them various courses in international politics.
　　 C) They arrange for them to participate in the Erasmus program.
　　 D) They give them chances for international study or internship.
　　 5. An example illustrating the general trend of universities’ globalization is __________.
　　 A) Yale’s collaboration with Fudan University on genetic research
　　 B) Yale’s helping Chinese universities to launch research projects
　　 C) Yale’s student exchange program with European institutions
　　 D) Yale’s establishing branch campuses throughout the world
　　 6. What do we learn about Silicon Valley from the passage?
　　 A) It houses many companies spun off from MIT and Harvard.
　　 B) It is known to be the birthplace of Microsoft Company.
　　 C) It was intentionally created by Stanford University.
　　 D) It is where the Internet infrastructure was built up.
　　 7. What is said about the U.S. federal funding for research?
　　 A) It has increased by 3 percent.
　　 B) It has been unsteady for years.
　　 C) It has been more than sufficient.
　　 D) It doubled between 1998 and 2003.
　　 8. The dramatic decline in the enrollment of foreign students in the U.S. after September 11 was caused by___________________________________________________________.
　　 9. Many Americans fear that American competitiveness may be threatened by foreign students who will________________________________________________________________.
　　 10. The policy of welcome foreign students can benefit the U.S. in that the very best of them will stay and_____________________________________________________________.

　　 三)单词在听力中的作用
　　 Section C
　　 Crime is increasing worldwide. There is every reason to believe the _____1_____ will continue through the next few decades.
　　 Crime rates have always been high in multicultural, industrialized societies such as the United States, but a new _____2_____ has appeared on the world _____3_____—rapid rising crime rates in nations that previously reported few _____4_____. Street crimes such as robbery, rape, _____5_____, and auto theft are clearly rising, _____6_____ in eastern European countries such as Hungary and in western European nations such as the United Kingdom.
　　 What is driving this crime _____7_____? There are no simple answers. Still, there are certain conditions _____8_____ with rising crime: increasing heterogeneity(混杂)of populations, greater cultural pluralism, higher immigration, democratization of governments, _______________________9___________________________.
　　 These conditions are increasingly observable around the world. For instance, cultures that were previously isolated and homogeneous(同种类的), such as Japan, Denmark, and Greece, ___________________________________10_______________________________.
　　 Multiculturalism can be a rewarding, enriching experience, but it can also lead to a clash of values. Heterogeneity in societies will be the rule in the twenty-first century, and ______________________________11_____________________________________.
　　 1.trend 2.phenomenon 3.scene
　　 4.offences/ offenses 5.murder 6.particularly
　　 7.explosion 8.associated
　　 9.changing national borders, greater economic growth, and the lack of accepted social ideas of right and wrong
　　 10.are now facing the sort of cultural variety that has been common in America for most of its history
　　 11.failure to recognize and plan for such diversity can lead to serious crime problems
　　 四)单词在翻译中的作用
　　 1. Our efforts will pay off if the results of this research _____________(能应用于新技术的开发).
　　 2. I can’t boot my computer now. Something ________________ (一定出了毛病)with its operation system.
　　 3. Leaving one’s job, _____________________(不管是什么工作), is a difficult change, even for those who look forward to retiring.
　　 4. ________________________(与我成长的地方相比), this town is more prosperous and exciting.
　　 5. _______________________ (直到他完成使命)did he realize that he was seriously ill.
　　 1. can be applied to the development of new technology
　　 2. must be wrong
　　 3. no matter what job it is/ whatever job it is
　　 4. Compared with/ In comparison with the place where I was brought up
　　 5. Not until he had accomplished his mission
　　 五)单词在完形中的作用
　　 Universities are institutions that teach a wide variety of subjects at advanced levels. They also carry out research work aimed ___67___ extending man's knowledge of these subjects. The emphasis given to each of these functions ___68___ from university to university, according to the views of the people in ___69___ and according to the resources available.
　　 The smaller and newer universities do not ___70___ the staff or equipment to carry out the ___71___ research projects possible in larger institutions. ___72___ most experts agree that some research activity is ___73___ to keep the staff and their students in ___74___ with the latest developments in their subjects.
　　 Most students attend a university mainly to ___75___ the knowledge needed for their chosen ___76___. Educationists believe that this aim should not be the ___77___ one. Universities have always aimed to produce men and women ___78___ judgment and wisdom as well as knowledge. For this reason, they ___79___ students to meet others with differing ___80___ and to read widely to ___81___ their understanding in many fields of study. ___82___ a secondary school course, a student should be interested enough in a subject to enjoy gaining knowledge for its own ___83___. He should be prepared to ___84___ sacrifices to study his chosen ___85___ in depth. He should have an ambition to make some ___86___ contribution to man's knowledge.
　　 67. A) at B) by C) to D) in
　　 68. A) turns B) ranges C) moves D) varies
　　 69. A) prospect B) place C) control D) favor
　　 70. A) occupy B) possess C) involve D) spare
　　 71. A) maximum B) medium C) virtual D) vast
　　 72. A) But B) As C) While D) For
　　 73. A) natural B) essential C) functional D) optional
　　 74. A) coordination B) accordance C) touch D) grasp
　　 75. A) acquire B) accept C) endure D) ensure
　　 76. A) procession B) profession C) possession D) preference
　　 77. A) typical B) true C) mere D) only
　　 78. A) with B) under C) on D) through
　　 79. A) prompt B) provoke C) encourage D) anticipate
　　 80. A) histories B) expressions C) interests D) curiosities
　　 81. A) broaden B) lengthen C) enforce D) specify
　　 82. A) Amid B) After C) Over D) Upon
　　 83. A) object B) course C) effect D) sake
　　 84. A) take B) make C) suffer D) pay
　　 85. A) field B) scope C) target D) goal
　　 86. A) radical B) truthful C) meaningful D) initial

　　 英语单词构词法
　　 Example
　　 internationalization
　　 ↑
　　 internationalize
　　 ↑
　　 internationalist, internationalism←international→internationality, internationally
　　 ↑
　　 internationale←nation→nation-hood, nation-state, nation-wide
　　 ↓
　　 nationally, nationality←national→nationalize, nationalization, nationalism
　　 ↓
　　 nationalist
　　 ↓
　　 nationalistic
　　 ↓
　　 nationalistically
　　 1. Prefixes
　　 1) dis- (not, the opposite of) disadvantage, dislike, disagree, disappear, disarm, disaster, disastrous, disappoint, disable, disability, discharge, disclose, discount, discourage, discover, discovery, discrepancy, disease, disgrace, disguise, disgust, dishonor, dishonest, dismay, disorder, dispatch, disperse, displace, displacement, displease, disregard, dissatisfy, distort , distract, disintegrate
　　 2) in- (not, in, into) inability, incorrect, incapable, indirect, inhuman, injustice, informal, inside, include, inclusive, income, increase, increasingly, incredible, indefinite, independence, independent, indifferent, indirect, indispensable, individual, indoor, inertia , inevitable, infamous , infinite, inhabit , inhabitant, inherent , inject, inland , inlet , inner, innocent, innumerable , input, inquire, inquiry, insane, insensitive, insert, insight, insist, inspect, inspiration , inspire, install, installation, installment , instance, instant, instinct, insulate , intense, interior, internal, into, intrinsic, invade, invalid , invaluable , invariably , invasion, invert , investigate, invisible, involve, inward, incomplete, indecisive, inedible, inept, inevitably, infection, infirm, injection, innate, insecurity, insider
　　 3) im- (not, in, into) impossible, imbalance, immature, immoral, impatient, implicit , impress, impression, import, immigrate, imprison, immerse
　　 4) il- (not) illegal, illiterate, illogical
　　 5) ir- (not) irregular, irresponsible, irrespective
　　 6) un- (not) unable, uncover, undo, undoubtedly, undress , uneasy, unemployment , unexpected, unfold , unfortunately, unimportant, unlike, unload, unusual, unaware, unenlightened, unparalleled, unsustainable
　　 7) non- (not) nonsmoker, nonexistence, non-cooperation, nonstop, nonmetal, nonresident, nonsense, nonspecialist
　　 8) mis- (wrong, wrongly) misjudge, misunderstand, mislead, misspell, misstep, misfortune, misuse, misguided, misinformation
　　 9) de- (showing the opposite, to remove, to reduce) deform, deface, demobilize, destruction, deforest, denationalize, depress, depression, devalue, decode, decrease, degenerate , degrade , descend, descendant , descent
　　 10) pre- (before, in advance) prefix, pre-historic, precaution, precede , preceding, preclude , predecessor , predict, predominant , preface, prejudice, preliminary, premature , premier , premise , premium , preparation, prepare, prepay, preside , president, presumably, presume , pretext , prevail, prevent, previous, prewar, prediction, pre-scientific, preconception
　　 11) ante-, (before, in advance) anteroom, ante-Christian, antemeridian, anticipate, antique
　　 12) fore- (in advance, before, in or at the front) forearm, forehead, foreman, foretell , foresee , forefather , foreleg, forerunner , fore , foremost, forecast, forewarn
　　 13) ex- (out, out of, former) ex-minister, ex-president, ex-Soviet Union, ex-wife, export, exclude, exclusive, excursion, exhibit, exile , exit, exotic , expand, expansion, expedition , expel , expend , expenditure , expense, explode, explosion, explosive, expose, exposition , exposure, express, expression, extend, extension, extensive, exterior, external, extinct, extra, extract
　　 14) post- (later than, after) postgraduate, postwar, postmeridian, postpone, postscript
　　 15) sub- (under, below, less important) sub, subject, subway, subtitle, subdivide, submarine , sub-zero, submerge, submit, subordinate , subscribe , subsection, subsequent, subsidiary , subsidy , substance, substantial, substitute, subtract, suburb, subconsciously, subtly
　　 16) infra- (below in a range, beyond) infrastructure , infrared
　　 17) re- (again, back to a former state) react, reaction, recall, recede , receipt, recipient , reclaim , recognize, recognition, record, recorder, recover, recovery, recreation, recur , recycle , redundant , reflect, reflection, reflexion, reform, refrain , refresh, refreshment , refund , refute , reinforce, reject, remember, remind, removal, remove, renaissance , renew, repay , repeat, repeatedly, repel , repetition, replace, replacement, reply, report, reporter, represent, representative, repression , reproduce, respect, respond, response, responsibility, responsible, restore, resume, return, reunion , reuse, review, revise, revive, revolt, revolution, revolutionary, revolve, reward
　　 18) co-, col-, com-, con-, cor- (with together) co-existence, cooperate, cooperative , co-author, coalition , coherent , coincide , coincidence , collaboration , colleague, collide , collision, collocation, compassion, compassionate, concentric, confederation, conjoin, coordinate, correlate, correlation, correspond
　　 19) inter- (between, among) international, interchange, interchangeable, interdependent, interpersonal, interview, interact , interaction, intercourse , interface , interfere, interference, Internet, interrupt, interval, intervene
　　 20) macro- (large) macroeconomics , macrocosm , macrostructure
　　 21) micro- (extremely small) microcomputer, microeconomics , microscope, microphone, microelectronics, microbiologist
　　 22) super- (greater or more than) super, supermarket, supersonic , superman, superpower, supernatural, supervise , superb, superficial, superintendent , superior, superiority , supreme
　　 23) sur- (more than, beyond) surplus, surtax, surface, surpass , surround, survival, survive, suspect
　　 24) ultra- (beyond, very, too) ultramodern, ultrasound, ultra-violet
　　 25) auto- (of or by oneself) auto, autocriticism, autoland, automobile, automation , automatic, autobiography , autonomous , autonomy
　　 26) mal- (bad, badly) malfunction, maltreat , malnutrition , malpractice
　　 27) tele- (at or over a long distance, by or for television) telegram, television, telegraph, telephone, telecommunications , telescope, telescreen, teleswitch, televise
　　 28) semi-, hemi- (half) semicircle, semiconductor, semi-colony , semifinal, hemisphere
　　 29) uni-, mono- (one) uniform, unify , union, unique, unit, unite, unity, universe, universal, university, monologue , monoplane, monopoly , monotone, monotonous , carbon monoxide
　　 30) bi-, di- (two) biweekly, bicycle, bilateral , billion, bilingual, dialogue, carbon dioxide
　　 31) tri- (three) tricycle , triangle, triangular, trilogy , triple, trigonometry
　　 32) quadri-, quadru- (four) quadruple, quadrangle
　　 33) penta- (five) pentagon, Pentagon, Pentium
　　 34) hexa- (six) hexagon, hexangular
　　 35) sept- (seven) September, Sept-Wolves
　　 36) octa- (eight) octagon, octave, octopus, October
　　 37) nona- (nine) nonagon, November
　　 38) deci-, deca- (ten) decade, decimal
　　 39) centi- (hundredth part) centigrade, centimeter, centipede , century
　　 40) kilo- (thousand) kilo, kilometer, kilogram(me), kilowatt
　　 41) mill- (thousand) millennium , millimeter
　　 42) multi- (many) multipurpose, multinational, multiple, multiply, multitude, multiculturalism
　　 43) counter-, anti-, contra- (opposite, against) counteract, counterattack, counterclockwise, counterrevolutionary, antibiotic, antigravity, antimatter, antiwar, antinuclear, contradict, contradiction, contramissile, contranatural, contrary, contrast, anticonsumerism
　　 44) mini- (smallest, short) minibus, miniskirt, minimum, minister, minimize, ministry, minor, minority, minute
　　 45) max- (greatest) maximum, maximal , maximize
　　 46) out- (outside, beyond) outdo, outwit, outlive, outnumber, outdoor, outstanding, outskirts , outward, outcome, outer, outing , outline, outlook, output, outrage , outside
　　 47) over- (too much, above, additional) overwork, overuse, overtake, overpass , overthrow , overturn , overall, overdue , overhead, overhear , overlook, overseas, overtime
　　 48) trans- (across, on or to the other side of) transaction , transatlantic, transcend , transfer, transform, transistor , transit , transition , translate, translation, transmission, transmit, transmitter, transparent, transplant, transport, transportation
　　 49) under- (too little, below) underdeveloped, underdevelopment, underestimate, undergraduate, underground, underlie , underline, undersea, underlying , undermine , underneath, underwear
　　 50) neo- (new) neo-Nazism, neolithic
　　 51) be- (cause to be or have) befriend, belittle
　　 52) bio- (life) biology, biography , autobiography, antibiotic, biochemistry, biosphere, biomedical
　　 53) en- em- (cause to become, put into the stated condition) embody, empower, endanger, enlarge, enrich, encompass, enthrone, entrench
　　 54) extra- (outside, beyond) extracurricular, extraordinary
　　 55) mid- (middle) midday, midnight
　　 56) poly- (many) polycentric, polydirectional, polysyllabic
　　 57) pseudo- (not real, false) pseudonym, pseudoscience
　　 58) thermo- (heat) thermochemistry, thermometer
　　 59) vice- (next in rank below) vice-chairman, vice-president
　　 60) aero- (air) aerial , aeroplane, aeronautics, aerospace
　　 61) cross- (across, going between the stated things and joining them) cross-country, crossbreed
　　 62) intra- (inside, within; into) intracity, intra-department, intranet
　　 63) pro- (in favor of, supporting) pro-America, pro-abortion
　　 64) self- (by means of oneself or itself, of, to; with, for or in oneself or itself) self-employed, self-taught
　　 65) step- (not by birth but through a parent who has remarried) stepmother, stepchildren
　　 66) by-, bye- (less important) by-product, byway
　　 67) a-, (on, in; not, without; intensive) aboard, abroad, ahead, ashore, aside, ashamed, awake, aware, abed, aflame; amoral, anarchy, anonymous, asocial, atom, apolitical, acentric; abide, alike, amaze, arise, arouse, await
　　 68) ab-, abs- (the opposite of, away from, off) abnormal, abrupt, absent, abstract, abuse, abortion

　　 2. Suffixes
　　 Nouns
　　 1) –ant, -ent applicant, component, servant, student
　　 2) –er, -or, -ar employer, interviewer, trainer, painter, New Yorker, Northerner, lighter, cooker, conductor, beggar, arbiter, shipper
　　 3) –ee absentee, abandonee, employee, interviewee, trainee
　　 4) –eer engineer, pioneer
　　 5) –an, -ian, -arian historian, humanitarian, librarian, musician, Canadian
　　 6) –ese Chinese, Japanese
　　 7) –ist artist, Marxist, capitalist, creationist, extremist, futurologist, manicurist, neuroscientist, oncologist, purist
　　 8) –ism socialism, capitalism, mechanism, ableism, ageism, individualism, collectivism, creationism, optimism, pessimism
　　 9) -ability, -ibility ability, flexibility, availability, capability
　　 10) –age postage, shrinkage, wastage
　　 11) –al arrival, refusal, revival
　　 12) –ance, -ence appearance, reference
　　 13) –ancy, -ency emergency, expectancy, delinquency
　　 14) –cy accuracy, bankruptcy
　　 15) –dom freedom, kingdom, wisdom
　　 16) –ery bravery, cookery
　　 17) –ess actress, lioness
　　 18) –ette cigarette, novelette, cassette
　　 19) –ful handful, spoonful
　　 20) –hood childhood, brotherhood, neighborhood
　　 21) –ics economics, electronics, mechanics, physics, mathematics, politics
　　 22) –ion(-sion, -ssion -ition, -ation) decision, discussion, inflation, translation, action, correction, allegation, connotation, depletion, distortion, elimination, emulation, formulation, immunization, integration, manipulation, radiation, recitation, vaccination
　　 23) –ity, -ty reality, curiosity, purity, security, certainty, cruelty, difficulty, loyalty, poverty, safety, municipality, triviality, affinity, diversity, ingenuity, maturity, mediocrity, mobility, sovereignty, timidity
　　 24) –ment movement, agreement, harassment, refinement
　　 25) –ness carelessness, greatness, friendliness, weakness, tiredness, inventiveness
　　 26) –ology futurology, geology, biology, musicology, psychology, anthropology, cosmology
　　 27) –ship hardship, friendship, sportsmanship, editorship
　　 28) –th birth, death, breadth, strength, truth
　　 29) -ure closure, exposure
　　 Adjectives
　　 30) –able, -ible acceptable, admissible, avoidable, eatable, countable, notable , suitable, variable, accessible, sizable, tangible, negotiable
　　 31) –al educational, additional, normal, natural, essential, detrimental, emotional, parental, patriarchal, promotional, spatial, surgical
　　 32) –an, -arian, -ian suburban, disciplinarian, Canadian, partisan
　　 33) –ant, -ent different, resultant
　　 34) –ary, -ory advisory, customary, complementary, parliamentary
　　 35) –ate considerate, fortunate, passionate
　　 36) –en golden, wooden, woolen
　　 37) –ern northern, southern
　　 38) –ese Chinese, Japanese
　　 39) –free carefree, troublefree
　　 40) –ful careful, painful
　　 41) –ic, -ical atomic, biological, economic, economical, historic, historical, classic, classical, scientific, medical, mechanic, mechanical, hypocritical, strategic, volcanic
　　 42) –ish selfish, childish, womanish, greenish, reddish, yellowish, Swedish, Danish
　　 43) –ive creative, decisive, supportive, adaptive, competitive, hyperactive, persuasive, pervasive, speculative
　　 44) –less useless, fruitless, boundless, groundless, hopeless, jobless
　　 45) –like childlike, ladylike
　　 46) –ly, –y, -ry manly, monthly, hairy, noisy, scary
　　 47) –ous, –ious, -uous, -eous various, continuous, courageous, courteous, harmonious
　　 48) –proof airproof, bulletproof, fireproof, waterproof
　　 49) –some tiresome, lonesome, quarrelsome, troublesome, worrisome
　　 50) –ward downward, homeward
　　 51) –ed purified, farfetched

　　 Verbs
　　 52) –en deepen, fasten, lengthen, strengthen, harden, liken, tighten
　　 53) –ify beautify, classify, electrify, horrify, identify, modify, simplify, justify, testify, verify, rectify
　　 54) –ize, -yze, -ise, -yse analyze, modernize, industrialize, popularize, specialisation, professionalisation, penalize, urbanize, urbanization, normalize, normalization, politicize
　　 Adverbs
　　 55) –ly clearly, easily, quickly, ironically, radically
　　 56) –ward, -wards inward, outward, upward, downward, homeward, northwards
　　 57) -wise clockwise, otherwise
　　 3. Stems
　　 1)vis (to see)visible, vision, visual, visit, visitor, advice, supervise, television
　　 2)agri (land)agriculture, agronomy
　　 3)ann (year)anniversary, annual, semiannual, centennial
　　 4)astro, aster (star)astrology, astronomy, astronaut, astrophysics, disaster, asteroid, astronomer
　　 5)audi (to hear)audience, auditorium , audit , auditor , auditory, audio-visual
　　 6)bell (war)rebel, rebellion, rebellious, belligerent
　　 7)ced (to go)precede, precedent, unprecedented, exceed, proceed, succeed
　　 8)cid, cis (to cut, to kill)decide, decision, decisive , concise, suicide, homicide, pesticide
　　 9)claim (to cry, to shout)exclaim, proclaim, acclaim, clamor
　　 10)clar (clear)declare, clarify, clarity
　　 11)cord (heart)cordial, concord, discord , accord
　　 12)cred (to believe, to trust)credible, incredible, credulous, credit, credential
　　 13)dent (tooth)dental, dentist
　　 14)dict (to say)contradict, dictate, dictator, predict, indicate, indicative
　　 15)fact (to do, to make)factory, manufacture, benefactor, malefactor
　　 16)flu (to flow)fluent, influence, influenza (flu), fluid
　　 17)geo (earth)geography, geometry, geology , geopolitics
　　 18)gram, graph (to draw, to write)diagram,telegram, program,photograph,geography, telegraph
　　 19)insul (island)insulate, insulator , insular, peninsula
　　 20)ject (to throw)project, inject, reject, subject, eject
　　 21)liber (free)liberate, liberty (at liberty), liberal, liberalism
　　 22)liter (letter)literate , literacy, illiterate, illiteracy, literature, literary, literal , literally
　　 23)log (to speak)dialogue, apology, prologue, monologue, logic
　　 24)manu (hand)manuscript, manufacture, manufacturer, manual,manage, management, manager
　　 25)medi (middle)immediate, medium, media, mediate, medieval, median
　　 26)mort (death)mortal, immortal, mortality
　　 27)nov (new)novel, novelty, novice, innovate
　　 28)ori (to rise)orient, oriental, Oriental, orientation, origin, original, originate, disorient
　　 29)pend (to hang, money)depend, dependent, dependency, dependable, independent, suspend, expend, spend, expenditure, expense, expensive, pension
　　 30)port (to carry)portable, import, export, deport, porter, support
　　 31)pur (pure)purify , purity , Puritan
　　 32)rect (correct, straight)correct, rectify , erect
　　 33)rupt (to break)interrupt, disrupt, bankrupt, bankruptcy, corrupt
　　 34)sal (salt)salary, salad
　　 35)sist (to stand)resist, resistance, resistible, consist, assist, exist, insist, persist
　　 36)spect (to look)spectacle, spectacular, prospect, retrospect, inspect, respect, suspect, circumspect , spectator , conspicuous , perspective
　　 37)spir (breath)inspire, inspiration, spirit
　　 38)tract (to draw)tractor, attract, protract, contract, abstract, extract, distract
　　 39)urb (city)urban, suburb, suburban
　　 40)vac (empty)vacant, vacation, vacuum
　　 41)vit (life)vital, vitality, vitamin, vitalize
　　 42)viv (to live)survive, survival, survivor, revival, vivid, vivacity
　　 4. Compounds
　　 breakfast, brunch, businessman, dragonfly, headmaster, headquarters, history, mankind, masterpiece, person, sit-in, downsize, backbone, lifestyle, lockout, newsletter, signpost, smallpox, stakeholder, standstill, stockpile, trustworthy