2009年考研英语全题型高分强化教程(3)

Part B 观点与例证

Directions:
You are going to read a text about the advantages of drinking water, followed by a list of choices. Choose the most suitable one from the list A～F for each numbered subheading (1～5). There is one extra choice which you do not need to use.

Water is a fundamental part of our lives. It is easy to forget how completely we depend on it. Human survival is dependent on water-water has been ranked by experts as second only to oxygen as essential for life. The average adult body is 55 to 75% water. 2/3 of your body weight is water (40 to 50 quarts). A human embryo is more than 80% water. A newborn baby is 74% water. Everyday your body must replace 2 1/2 quarts of water. The Water you drink literally becomes you! Since such a large percentage of our bodies is water, water must obviously figure heavily in how our bodies function. We need lots of fresh water to stay healthy. Aside from aiding in digestion and absorption of food, water regulates body temperature and blood circulation, carries nutrients and oxygen to cells, and removes toxins and other wastes. This "body water" also cushions joints and protects tissues and organs, including the spinal cord, from shock and damage. Conversely, lack of water (dehydration) can be the cause of many ailments. In his book, Your Body's Many Cries for Water, Dr. Fereydoon Batmanghelidj noted that chronic dehydration may cause certain problems for the body, including hypertension, asthma, allergies, and migraine headaches.

Every process in our body occurs in a water medium. We can exist without food for 2 months or more, but we can only survive for a few days without water.

(1)Water is better than other beverages.

There is a difference between drinking pure water & beverages that contain water. Fruit juice, soft drinks, coffee, etc., may contain substances that are not healthy, & actually contradict some of the positive effects of the added water. Other Beverages also contain dehydrating agents. They may actually reduce the water reserves in the body! Drinking other beverages to the exclusion of water also causes you to lose your taste for water. This is particularly true with children as they become dependent on Sodas & juices.

(2)Water can improve people's Metabolic rate.

Water is the solvent of the body & it regulates all functions, including the activity of everything it dissolves & circulates.

(3) Water can help people in weight loss.

Water plays a major part in weight loss. Since water contains no calories, it can serve as an appetite suppressant, and helps the body metabolize stored fat, it may possibly be one of the most significant factors in losing weight. Dehydration leads to excess body fat, poor muscle tone & size, decreased digestive efficiency & organ function, increased toxicity, joint & muscle soreness, & water retention. Water works to keep muscles and skin toned.

(4) Water can benefit people's Digestive System.

Constipation(便秘) is a frequent symptom of dehydration. Increased water, along with increased fiber, will usually totally eliminate a problem.

(5) Water lubricates our joints

The cartilage(软骨) tissues found at the ends of long bones & between the vertebrae(椎骨) of the spine hold a lot of water, which serves as a lubricant during the movement of the joint. Rheumatoid(患风湿症的) joint pain frequently decreases with increased water intake & flexing exercises to bring more circulation to the joints.

[A] The digestion of solid foods depends on the presence of copious amounts of water. Acids & enzymes in the stomach break the food down into a homogenized fluid state which can pass into the intestine for the next phase of digestion. An "acid stomach" will respond to hydration. Gastritis (胃炎), duodenitis (十二指肠炎), pain from ulcers(溃疡) (as long as the ulcer is not perforated), & heartburn all decrease with increased water intake. Water eliminates toxins & waste from the body.

[B] An active, athletic person needs 2/3 ounce per pound which is 13-14.8 ounce glasses a day if you're 160 pounds. The more you exercise the more water you need. Spread out your water intake throughout the day. Do not drink more than 4 glasses within any given hour.

[C] Water is the medium for various enzymatic & chemical reactions in the body. It moves nutrients, hormones, antibodies, & oxygen through the blood stream & lymphatic system. The proteins & enzymes of the body function more efficiently in solutions of lower viscosity.

[D] Caffeinated beverages stimulate the adrenal glands(肾上腺) and act as diuretics, robbing your body of necessary water. Soft drinks contain phosphorus which can lead to depletion of bone calcium. Soda contains sodium. Fruit juices contain a lot of sugar & stimulate the pancreas. These drinks may tax the body more than they cleanse it. A 12 ounce can of regular soda contains the equivalent of 9 teaspoons of sugar and loads of empty calories.

[E] In the article "Water Bearers", (Shape magazine) Elizabeth Austin notes that "water is the single most important nutrient you take in every day. It's fat-free, cholesterol-free, low in sodium, and completely without calories." Also, drinking more water helps to reduce water retention by stimulating your kidneys. Studies have recommended that if you are overweight according to average height and weight comparison charts, you should add one glass of water to your daily requirement (of eight glasses) for every 25 pounds over your recommended weight.

[F] When the cartilage is hydrated, the two opposing surfaces glide freely, & friction damage is minimal. If the cartilage is dehydrated, the rate of "abrasive" damage is increased, resulting in joint deterioration & increased pain. The actively growing blood cells in the bone marrow take priority over the cartilage for the available water that goes through the bone structure.

III．Translation

Translate the underlined sentences in the following passage of into Chinese.

LOS ANGELES, Jan. 8-Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger on Monday proposed extending health care coverage to all of California's 36 million residents as part of a sweeping package of changes to the state's huge, troubled health care system.

A total of 6.5 million people, one-fifth of the state's population, do not have health insurance, far more than in any other state. At least one million of the uninsured are illegal immigrants, state officials say. 1) Under Mr. Schwarzenegger's plan, which requires the approval of the Legislature, California would become the fourth and by far the largest state to attempt near universal health coverage for its citizens. The other three states are Maine, Massachusetts and Vermont.

The governor outlined his proposal to an audience of health care experts and reporters via satellite from Los Angeles. 2) He made it clear that a variety of mechanisms would be used to provide all Californians with insurance and that the responsibility of providing it would fall on the government, employers, health care providers and the uninsured themselves.

3) The plan, which Mr. Schwarzenegger estimated would cost $12 billion, calls for many employers that do not offer health insurance to contribute to a fund that would help pay for coverage of the working uninsured. It would also require doctors to pay 2 percent and hospitals 4 percent of their revenues to help cover higher reimbursements for those who treat patients enrolled in Medi-Cal, the state's Medicaid program.

Mr. Schwarzenegger's plan includes elements that quickly provoked opposition from many powerful interests, including doctors and the governor's Republican colleagues in the Legislature. But the speaker of the State Assembly said in a statement, "I'm glad the governor is on board with coverage for all kids."

4) Over the last two years, state legislatures have grown increasingly concerned with how to provide health insurance to citizens as the number of employers offering coverage has fallen and the number of workers entering fields where health insurance is not an option has grown. Because of its great size, California is likely to set the stage for a national conversation about health care this year.

"This is a very significant proposal," said Karen Davis, president of the Commonwealth Fund, a nonprofit foundation. "It is not just children he is talking about. It is really dealing with the whole problem of the uninsured, with concrete positions to raise revenues to pay for that coverage, and the philosophy of shared responsibility. I think this shows health care is going to be a major issue in the 2008 presidential election."

In many ways, Mr. Schwarzenegger's proposal mirrors the plan in Massachusetts, the most comprehensive of its sort, which is projected to cover about 515,000 of the state's 550,000 uninsured. The law enacted there transformed a $1 billion pool that had long paid for health care for uninsured patients into a mechanism to help subsidize insurance for those who could not afford it.

Under Mr. Schwarzenegger's proposal, Medi-Cal would be extended to adults who earn as much as 100 percent above the federal poverty line and to children, regardless of their immigration status, living in homes where the family income is as much as 300 percent above that line, about $60,000 a year for a family of four. Medi-Cal is currently limited to adults with children, and children with documented residency are covered if their family's income is up to 250 percent above of the poverty line.

Adult illegal immigrants would continue to be barred from Medicaid benefits but would still be entitled to health services from their counties and the state's hospital system.

Employers would have new responsibilities as well. 5) Businesses with 10 or more workers that choose not to offer coverage would be required to pay 4 percent of their total Social Security wages to a state fund that would be created to subsidize the purchase of coverage by the working uninsured. The cost of such coverage would be measured on a sliding scale depending on what an employee earned, and employees would be able to pay for it using pretax dollars.

答案与题解

Part B 观点与例证

1. [D]
该段讲述的是水不会像其他饮料那样，会给人体带来这样或那样的有害物质。D选项分别指出了添加咖啡因的饮料、不含酒精的饮料、苏打饮料和果汁会给饮用者带来的不利物质。是对该段观点的一个详细论证。

2. [C]
该段是讲水可以促进人体的新陈代谢。C选项指出水是人体内生化酶和化学反映的介质，水可以在血液和淋巴系统中运输营养物质、荷尔蒙、抗体和氧。水通过降低体内的粘稠度可以使生化酶和蛋白质更有效地发挥作用。这是对水是如何促进人体新陈代谢的进一步说明。

3. [E]
该部分讲述水有助于减肥。[E]选项进一步解释为何水有助于减肥，因为水没有脂肪和胆固醇，低钠，而且完全不含卡路里。

4. [A]
该部分讲述水对人体的消化系统有益。[A]选项指出固体食物的消化需要丰富的水，并且指出随着饮水量的增加，胃炎、十二指肠炎、胃溃疡和胃灼热都会减少，因此是对该观点的一个绝佳的例证。

5. [F]
该部分讲述水可以润滑人体的关节。[F]选项对比了软骨组织有水时和没水时对关节的影响。这些例子说明了水对关节的重要性。

III．Translation

1) 在这句话中，under是个介词，表示"在...指导下：受...的监督、指导或影响"；which引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词为介词短语中的plan。为了保证句子意思表达的连贯，在翻译时将它放到了最后。

[译文]在施瓦辛格州长的计划指导下，加利福尼亚州将成为第四个、也是迄今为止最大的尝试为几乎所有市民提供健康保险的州，当然，施瓦辛格州长的计划是需要得到州议会的同意的。

2) 这句话中，it是一个形式宾语，两个that所引导的部分是句子真正的主语；fall on表示"落到，指向"的意思，但是在翻译时，考虑到中文的行文习惯，还是用"由......来承担"来表示。

[译文]他解释说，将会通过多种机制来向所有的加利福尼亚人提供保险，而且保险的费用将由政府、雇主、保健护理者和没有参保的人共同承担。

3) 这句话有点复杂，其中which引导的是一个非限制性定语从句 两个that引导的都是定语从句，在翻译时要注意拆分，不能使定语过长。

[译文]施瓦辛格州长估计这项计划将会花费120亿美元；该项计划号召许多没有提供健康保险的雇主捐助成立一项基金，并用这项基金来为没有获得保险的工人支付保险金

4) 这是一个长句，该句子出现了两个从句，一个丧失由as引导的伴随状语从句，在这个伴随状语从句中还包含一个由where引导的定语从句，先行词是field。在翻译时，应该按照中文习惯，将状语提前。

[译文]在过去的两年中，雇主所提供的保险项目在减少，但从事那些不提供健康保险的工作的工人数目在增多，随着这些情况的出现，州议会开始日益关注怎样向市民提供健康保险一事。

5) 在这句话中，第一个that引导的是定语从句，先行词是workers；第二个that引导的也是定语从句，先行词是fund。因为表目的的不定式"to subsidize the purchase of coverage by the working uninsured"太长，因此翻译的时候必须将它拆分出来。

[译文]有10个或10个以上工人拒绝保险的行业得将他们社会保险金的4％提交给将要创建的州基金，而这些州基金可以资助那些没有保险的工人购买保险。