2009年考研英语全题型高分强化教程(14)

练习

Ⅰ Cloze

　　Young women and men are among the world's greatest assets. They bring energy, talent and creativity to economies and create the foundations for future development. But today's   1___ also represent a group   2   serious vulnerabilities in the world of work. In recent years slowing global employment growth and increasing unemployment, underemployment and disillusionment have_ 3__ young people ___4__. As a result, today's youth are faced__ 5 __ a growing deficit of decent work opportunities and high levels of economic and social uncertainty.

　　This report adds to growing evidence of a global situation in which young people face increasing difficulties when entering the __6___ force market. One of the ___7___ findings of the report is that a global deficit of decent work opportunities has resulted in a situation in which one out of three youth in the world is  ___8___ seeking but unable to find work (the unemployed), has given up  __9___ the job search entirely (the discouraged) or is working but still living below the US$2 a day  ___10___ line (the working poor). This second version of the GET Youth updates the key world and regional youth labor market indicators, but offers original research as well,  __11____ a careful estimation of the number and share of youth who work but are living in households of less than US$1 or 2 a day (the so-called youth working poor). The working poor youth estimate can serve  ___12___ a proxy for income-related underemployment and therefore fits nicely  __13____ the framework presented in the report for  ___14__ youth who are most at risk to  __15___ from degrees of exclusion from decent work and therefore a framework for identifying whom would benefit most from targeted interventions.

　　Without the right foothold  __16___ which to start out right in the labour market, young people are  ___17___to make choices that will improve their own job prospects and those of their future dependents. This,  __18___, perpetuates the cycle of insufficient education, low-productivity employment and working poverty from one generation to the next. The report, therefore, adds urgency __19___ the UN call for development of strategies aimed to give young people a chance to make ___ 20 __ of their productive potential through decent employment.

1. [A]youth           [B]youths        [C]youthes        [D]the youth

2. [A]of              [B]with          [C]about          [D]in

3. [A]beat             [B]hit           [C]hurt           [D]attack

4. [A]worst           [B]hardest        [C]the worst       [D]the hardest

5. [A]to              [B]up            [C]with           [D]up to

6. [A]work           [B]job            [C]employment    [D]labor

7. [A]principle        [B]principal        [C]prior          [D]previous

8. [A]either           [B]neither         [C]both           [D]/

9. [A]with            [B]to             [C]about          [D]on

10. [A]poor           [B]poverty         [C]impoverished   [D]needy

11. [A]included        [B]including       [C]and            [D]with

12. [A]like            [B]/              [C]as             [D]to be

13. [A]in             [B]within          [C]of             [D]for

14. [A]realizing        [B]organizing      [C]acknowledging   [D]identifying

15. [A]suffer           [B]be suffered     [C]being suffered    [D]suffering

16. [A]in              [B]of             [C]from           [D]about

17. [A]unable          [B]less able        [C]more able       [D]able

18. [A]after all         [B]therefore        [C]in turn         [D]however

19. [A]with            [B]on             [C]upon          [D]to

20. [A]most            [B]the most        [C]a most         [D]much

Part A 阅读理解

Passage One

　　Persons with disabilities typically face extraordinary obstacles in finding employment. This is evident in their significantly higher levels off unemployment and underemployment than the general population. Employment levels vary by type of disability, but the Harris Survey of 2004 reported that 35% of persons with severe disabilities are employed up slightly from the 31% employment rate found by the same survey in 2000, but very low compared to the employment rate of about 78% or 80% of the general population.

　　Employment involves matching potential employees with job opportunities. To the extent that employment does not occur, the root of the problem may lie with the employee, with the job opportunities, or with the mechanisms that match the two sides together. The strategies that vocational programs for persons with disability typically use to address the problem off unemployment among persons with disabilities already, recognize many of the causes that contribute to a high rate of unemployment, but there is one major cause they overlook.

　　On the job opportunity side of the relationship, employment programs offer solutions to address specific problems that deny persons with disabilities an equal opportunity to get the job. These may include education programs to counter negative employer or coworker stereotypes, workplace assessments to identify accessibility concerns in the physical layout and organization of the workplace, workplace supports to encourage employee integration with coworkers, and financial incentives and legal initiatives to counter externalities that would give employers a disincentive to hire an employee with a disability.

　　On the employee end of the relationship, job training, teaching off specific work skills, and technological assistance are mainstays of many disability vocational programs. These solutions address perceived deficits in the skills and talents of the potential employees who these programs serve, based on the assumption that consumers would be employed if they had stronger marketable skills. These factors are what some sociologists and labor market economists refer to as human capital.

　　In matching employees with employers, existing programs often teach consumers how to write a resume, improve interview skills, teach people bow to find a job and assist in locating job opportunities. Some programs also try to teach typical office "culture". While they may not be directly relevant to the job function, these elements make employment more likely and in the case of office culture, can improve success at the job. These factors are what some sociologists call cultural capital. One major factor in the matching aspect of employment that very few, if any, vocational programs for persons with disabilities seem to include is what sociologists call social capital. Social capital is the set or network of social relationships by which most people find employment.

1. What did the author want to tell us in the first paragraph?
[A] Persons with disabilities can't find a job.
[B] 35% of persons with severe disabilities are employed.
[C] Persons with disabilities' employment rate of 2004 are higher than the year 2000.
[D] Disabled persons' employment rate are very low compared to the employment rate of the general population.

2.According to the second paragraph, which of the following is true?
[A] Matching potential employees with job opportunities is one part of employment.
[B] The root of the problem that employment does not occur may lie with the employees.
[C] Persons with disabilities' lower employment rate may lie with the mechanisms.
[D] Persons with disabilities' lower employment rate is a social problem.

3.Read the third paragraph carefully and find out which of the following is a good method for an employer to hire employees with disabilities?
[A] The employer must be a kind hearted person.
[B]The disabled employee can suit for the job.
[C] There must be a employment program for disabled persons.
[D] The employee was not a severe disabled person.

4.Which of the following is not mentioned in paragraph 4?
[A]Disabled people should go to have job training.
[B]Disabled people should learn some specific work skills.
[C]Disabled people should have human capital.
[D]Disabled people should get technological assistance.

5.Which of the following are not mentioned in the last paragraph for matching employees with employers?
[A]To teach disabled persons how to write a resume.
[B]To improve their interview skills.
[C]To teach people how to find a job.
[D]Through the social capital.

Passage Two

　　Alternative employment arrangements represent one of the fastest growing categories of employment in the U.S. labor force. Defined by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, alternative employment arrangements represent any employment arrangement that involves an intermediary or whose time, place, or quantity of work is unpredictable such as independent contracting and on-call work. About 10% of the U.S. labor force is currently in alternative employment arrangements, which include either full-time or part-time work schedules. In fact, access to part-time hours has often been given as one of the reasons women seek out alternative employment. Still, most people in these arrangements work full time; only 20% of temporary agency workers and 26% of independent contractors are part time, and many workers-both young and old-consider alternative employment arrangements as a viable employment option compared to standard employment.

　　Social observers often invoke gender to explain why workers "choose" alternative employment arrangements, i.e., prefer them to standard employment. The assumption is that alternative employment offers greater flexibility, thereby facilitating working parents'management of both their unpaid family care work and paid employment. Scholars have examined whether workers "choose" and prefer part-time work to standard employment, but less is specifically known about the choices of alternative employment arrangements. There are few empirical studies of alternative employment arrangements that focus specifically on gender and how gender influences alternative employment arrangement choices. Rather, the spotlight has been on the contingent or temporary nature of alternative employment. Management science researchers, in particular, have either ignored gender and family-related issues altogether or have treated gender as a proxy for preference for child care-taking responsibilities. Although recent qualitative research does point to the importance of gender values and stereotypes in shaping attitudes toward temporary employment, the study samples are small or else the topic is primarily about reduced-time arrangements.

　　Our goal in this study was to assess the gendered nature of alternative employment arrangements. Research shows that gender-related processes influence attitudes, behaviors, and outcomes on multiple levels, from the individual to broad structural and institutional features of societies. We first investigated how attitudes toward alternative employment arrangements are shaped by gender-related beliefs and gendered social contexts. Studying two very different types of alternative employment arrangements at different levels of analysis permitted us to capture the way people "do gender" even in "alternative" employment structures. We built on and extended recent qualitative research by drawing on a nationally representative sample of full-time and part-time independent contractors and temporary agency workers.

　　Gender Schema and Gender-Related Beliefs

　　Gender schemas represent the cognitive lenses through which individuals differentially view women and men. These cultural schemas (about the way things are and the way things should be) impose gender-based classifications on social reality, and encourage the sorting of people, attributes, behaviors, and other things on the basis of culturally prevailing, polarized definitions of masculinity and femininity. As such, gender schemas affect individual perceptions, interpretations, and expectations.

　　Gender schema provides patterned guides to everyday life in the form of specific and diffuse norms about men's and women's work and family roles. These schemas are reenacted and reinforced by the social organization of work, family, and community-policy regimes that privilege those who follow the standard masculine lock-step career mystique. But this pattern, developed in the 1950s, was predicated on the feminine mystique of full-time homemakers backing up men climbing career ladders. Even though most women are now in the workforce and most working men no longer have wives who are full-time homemakers, gender schema that presume the primacy of men in the public sphere of paid work and women in the private sphere of family care work are deeply embedded in American culture. Indeed most couples conform to this gender typing--married men continue to view themselves as the principal breadwinners, and even employed women remain the principal unpaid family care providers. Furthermore, research suggests that Americans harshly judge people who deviate from established schema.

1.Which of the followings is closest in meaning with alternative employment arrangements?
[A]Homemaking
[B]Breadwinning
[C]Part-time work
[D]Contracting

2.According to the article, which of the followings is one of the reasons why women seek out alternative employment?
[A]Access to part-time hours
[B]Personal freedom and independence
[C]Recognition
[D]None of the above

3.Social observers often assume that             .
[A]alternative employment is more preferable to women than to men
[B]alternative employment is better than standard employment
[C]alternative employment facilitates working parents' management
[D]alternative employment is a temporary phenomenon

4.Gender schemas affect all of the followings except             .
[A]individual perceptions
[B]individual interpretations
[C]individual expectations.
[D]individual social statuses

5.By and large, this article is most probably found in             .
[A]a science fiction
[B]a newspaper report
[C]an academic journal
[D]a government report

Ⅰ Cloze

1.[A]
本文主要讲当今年轻一代的就业趋势和问题。当youth意为young people in general时，为不可属名词。

2.[B]
with表明主语所带性质，其他搭配均不可表达此意，故将它们排除。

3.[B]
hit在此句中意为"对......产生意外或不良的影响，使痛苦，殃及"。注意与beat, hurt, attack的区分。beat 通常指物理上的打击，有时用来指打败，用在这里不合适。hurt是伤害的意思，通常可以指身体上受伤或是情感受到伤害，但空格所在的句子是在讲失业给人带来的心理打击，用heart就不大合适了。 Attack是指进攻，攻击的意思，与该句语义不符

4.[D]
the hardest是比较高级形式，此处不能省略定冠词。此外，与动词hit搭配的只能是hit something hard. 用bad是不对的。

5.[C]
be faced with 是固定搭配，意为"被迫面对"。

6.[D]
labor force意为"劳动力"，为固定搭配。其它选项均不合题意。

7.[B]
principal是形容词，意为"主要的"或"比较重要的"。principle是名词，指行为的规范。

8.[A]
注意后文中有一个or。 either...or是固定搭配。其他选项均与题意不符，应予以排除。

9.[D]
give sth. up to sb. 意为"将某物交与他人"，因此不合题意。give up on意为"放弃做某事的尝试"。

10.[B]
poverty line意思是"贫困线"，是属于约定俗成的表达法。

11.[B]
根据题意可以判断此处不是并列结构，所以"and"被排除。including为介词，意为"包括（某人/某事物）在内"。

12.[C]
serve sb. for/as sth.意为"满足（需要），达到（目的），适合（于）"。

13.[B]
framework意为"原则，思想"，是个人的做出判断和决定的依据。within the framework 是一种固定搭配，属于约定俗成用法，文中in，of，for，在这种情况下都不适合同framework搭配。

14.[D]
此处考查对词义的理解。identify意为"确认，辨明（某人/某事物）"。

15.[D]
at risk to sb/sth 意为"冒失去或殃及某人/某事物的危险"。此句中suffering为动名词形式，且不可用被动语态。

16.[C]
句义逻辑题。解该题时需要仔细阅读原文，首先读懂文意，然后再理清各句成分之间逻辑关系。该处需要填的是一个介词，是引导修饰"foothold"（立足之处）的定语从句的介词这里用from是比较好的，而in，of和about三个词就不适合用在这里。

17.[B]
这道题需要根据原文语义逻辑来判断，属于行文逻辑题范畴。原文中这个空出现的位置需要填年轻人做出的选择对工作前景的影响程度，这要结合上一个选项所在句一同考察。该句说除了在人力市场找准正确的立足点以外年轻人很难有机会改善他们的工作和生活前景。如果选择unable将使该句过于绝对化，不符合作者本意，more able则刚好与该句意思相反，我们理解了这句话意思后就可以轻易排除，与C同理D项able也可排除。

18.[C]
语义理解题。解该题的要点在于语义的理解与把握上。in turn的意思为"依次、逐个地"。

19.[D]
解该题需要我们熟悉几个固定搭配，"add"和"to"在这里即为为固定搭配，见到后即可直接选出答案。

20.[B]
语义理解题。在这里，make the most of意为"尽可能地充分利用"。

Ⅱ Reading Passages

Part A

Passage One[疑难长句翻译与注解]

1．Persons with disabilities typically face extraordinary obstacles in finding employment.

[译文]残障人士在找工作时通常要面临极大困难。

[注解]这里"finding employment"作状语，在原文中后置了，在翻译的时候要把它提到合适的位置上来。

2．Employment levels vary by type of disability, ...78% or 80% of the general population.

[译文]就业人数水平依残疾程度而变，但是，据2004年Harris的调查显示，35%的重度残障人士找到了工作，略高于2000年31%这个数据，但与普通人口78%或80%的就业率相比还是太低了。

[注解]type of disability字面上看是说残障的类型，但本文中，它是指残疾的程度。关于这一点我们看到这句"with severe disabilities"(严重残疾)时就应该明白，这两个词组的意思是对仗的。所以在翻成汉语时，要把这个意思表达出来。这也提供了一个关于阅读方面的启示：如果有生词或是短语不理解时,通过看上下文用以指代该名词或短语的代词或是转述它的名词，这可以帮助我们理解。

3．Employment involves matching potential employees with job opportunities.

[译文]就业包括为潜在员工提供就业机会。

[注解]本句是总领全段的句子，对它的意思的把握有助于对全文的理解。match的本意是匹配的意思。这句话如果按照字面来翻，应该是让潜在员工与就业机会匹配，但这样一来不符合汉语习惯因此作如上调整。

4．To the extent that employment ...that match the two sides together.

[译文]就这个意义而言，这种层面的雇佣工作还没有，其根源应该出在雇员本身，工作机会或者是两者之间的协调机制上。

[注解]"to the extent"意思是就这个意义而言。

5．On the job opportunity...an equal opportunity to get the job.

[译文]从工作机会方面来看这种关系，就业计划为特别问题的关注提供解决办法，这种特别问题的关注就是指那些否认残障人士有和普通人均等的就业机会。

[注解]综合上述五个翻译，会发现，本文在这里多处用到了"persons with disabilities"残障人士这个带有委婉色彩的词。在翻译时要注意到原文的感情色彩，将这一点体现出来。

[答案]

1.[D]
第一段强调的重点不在于有残疾的人士就业率是否增长，也不在于他们的就业率到底是多少，更没有说他们找不到工作。而是讲，同正常人相比，他们很难找到工作。所以选D。

2.[A]
细节题。A项出现在原文第二段第一句话。B项和C项分别说的不完全。D项在该段中没有明确提到。所以A项正确。

3.[C]
细节判断题。第三段主要在讲的是为帮助残疾人就业而制定的一些计划，并详细介绍了其中包括哪些方面。

4.[C]
这里面A、B、D都是文章中明确提到了的内容，在原文中都可以找到出处，C是看似正确而在原文却查不到依据，所以C属于干扰选项，应予以排除。

5.[C]
细节辨析题。首先注意该题问的是那个选项是没有提到的，我们看原文，文中使用的原句是"to teach people bow to find a job"而C项把"bow"换成了"how"，所以错误。

Passage Two

[疑难长句翻译与注解]

1．Scholars have examined ...the choices of alternative employment arrangements.

[译文]相较于全日制工作而言就业者是否更倾向于选择非全日制工作呢，学者们已经就此进行了研究，但对于为什么会选择打零工却知之甚少。

[注解]原句是一个并列复句，每个分句中都各有其主语，在翻译并列复句的时候为避免歧义我们通常会采用"重复译法"，即将两个分句的主语分别翻译出来，只有在不引起歧义的情况下（如本句即属于不引起歧义的情况）才可以用一个主语。在本句中，尽管第二个复句以"less"为主语，但实际上这是一个被动语态表达法，如果直译的话不符合汉语语序，所以我们把译文调整为主动句式。这样就有了如上译文。如果这是一道考研翻译题，考生们在时间有限的情况下，如果没有把握避免歧义，建议还是按照"重复译法"将两个分句主语拆开来分别译出以防出错。

2. Management science researchers, ...care-taking responsibilities.

[译文]尤其是管理学的研究者。他们要不然就完全对与性别和家庭相关的问题不屑一顾，要不然就把性别作为划分夫妇双方育儿责任的理由。

[注解] gender是名词，意思是性别。文中"either...or..."是一对关联词，意为"要不......要不......"这里用来引出两派的观点的分歧。

3. Studying two very different ...employment structures.

[译文]从不同的分析层面对两种截然不同的"替代就业安排"进行研究使我们即使在"替代就业"的结构中也能够认清人们是如何根据性别不同做出不同的选择判断的。

[注解]该句子比较长，逻辑有些复杂.。首先"Studying two very ...at different levels of analysis"这个从句是整个句子的主语，"permitted"是该句的谓语，"us"是宾语，其后是宾语补足语。.在翻译时把握住句子的逻辑结构有利于考生正确理解句意。

4．Gender schema provides ... family roles.

[译文] "性别图谱"以特殊的方式为我们日常生活提供了一种模式，这种方式通过推广男男女女在工作和家庭中应扮演的角色的办法来提供。

[注解]本句的主语是"Gender schema"，谓语是"provides"，该句主干应为"schema provides guides"是该句的主干，"in the form of ......"是宾语"guides"的补语用于补充说明方式的。该句中提到的 "性别图谱"与"性别身份"或称"性别认同"类似，但翻成"性别图谱"更适用于表述人的社会性别形成的过程。

5．Indeed most couples ...unpaid family care providers.

[译文]大部分的夫妇确实也遵守了这一社会性别定型--丈夫仍然认为自己是一家之主，而妻子即使在外工作也要承担大部分照顾家庭的工作。

[注解]本句主语是"most couples",谓语是"confirm to",宾语是"this gender typing"以及破折号之后的部分。全句的主干为"couples confirm to typing"破折号后的部分属于"typing"的补语。在翻译的同时请注意把握原文的文体，本文中作者将家庭劳动与工作劳动同等看待，在遣词造句上体现出了行文的严谨，那么我们的译文也同样要体现出这一点来以使得文风相一致。

[答案]

1.[C]
近义词比较题。本题也可以算作推断题。从原文的逻辑关系看我们也能顺利猜出"alternative employment arrangements" 的意思是打零工。

2.[A]
从原文中看，我们知道，妇女出门打零工既不是由于个人的独立自主也不是想要获得赞赏，而是由于有空闲时间。

3.[C]
细节题。回到原文，我们看A中说妇女打零工比男人更有优势，但文中没有提到。B中说，打零工要比正式工作好，这也不是文章的本意。D中说打零工是临时现象，这在文中没有提到，所以此三项均可排除，C是正确答案。

4.[D]
细节题。本题需要能够准确把握文章细节，可以先预读选项，然后在阅读文章过程中，看到这些关键词就在文章中划出来。

5.[C]
推理题。需要考生对文体有一定的把握。本篇文章学术性强，不属于小说，可排除A项，同时，它不属于新闻性或官方的宣传类的文章，应当属于一篇学术性刊物，所以选C。