2009年考研英语全题型高分强化教程(2)

练习

I．Cloze

A single night of taking the drug Ecstasy can cause serious brain damage and hasten the ___1___ of Parkinson's disease, scientists say. Just two to three Ecstasy tablets-a quantity that thousands of clubbers take during raves-can permanently __2____ brain cells that affect movement and ___3___, according to American research that ­___4___ the drug to Parkinson's for the first time.

A study by a team at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, ___5___ monkeys and baboons found that both species of primate __6____ irreversible damage to key cells __7___ dopamine neurons, which are lost in Parkinson's, after receiving three low doses of Ecstasy at three-hour ___8___.

The study is particularly significant because baboons are one of the best animal models for the human ___9___. George Ricaurte, who led the research, said that widespread ___10___ of the drug may already be ___11___ victims of such neurological damage. "The most troubling ____12__ is that young adults using Ecstasy may be ___13___ their risk for developing Parkinsonism as they get older."

Alan Leshner, a former director of the US National Institute on Drug Abuse, said: "This study emphasizes the multi-faceted damage that Ecstasy can do ___14___ users. We've long known that repeated use damages serotonin brain cells. This study shows that even very __15____ use can have long-lasting effects __16___ many different brain systems. It sends an important message to young people: don't ___17___with your own brain."

Janet Betts, the Essex mother whose daughter Leah died after a single Ecstasy tablet in 1995, said: "This comes as no ___18___. People can't see the effects at first, and they're in permanent denial, saying it's not going to happen to them. But we'll see the ___19___ later, just as we have __20____ smoking.

1. [A]outset [B] onset [C]outcome [D]opening

2. [A] destroy [B]demolish [C]ruin [D]wreck

3. [A]intuition [B]understanding [C] reasoning [D]judgment

4. [A]connect [B] links [C]combine [D]unite

5. [A] involving [B]taken [C]involved [D]engrossing

6. [A]made [B]did [C] suffered [D]escaped

7. [A]marked [B]titled [C]naming [D] called

8. [A]time [B]process [C]intermission [D] intervals

9. [A]body [B]heart [C] brain [D]head

10. [A]disuse [B]ill-use [C]misuse [D] abuse

11. [A]requiring [B] claiming [C]doing [D]enduring

12. [A]suggestion [B] implication [C]insinuation [D]intimation

13. [A]enlarging [B]extending [C] increasing [D]expanding

14. [A] to [B]with [C]as [D]for

15. [A]irregular [B]sparse [C] occasional [D]insufficient

16. [A]to [B] on [C]with [D]in

17. [A]do [B]make [C]use [D] experiment

18. [A]amazement [B]astoundment [C]astonishment [D] surprise

19. [A] symptoms [B]signs [C]tokens [D]marks

20. [A]to [B] with [C]as [D]in

II. Reading Passages

Part A 阅读理解

Passage One

LONDON - Among people who have had blood clots, men are twice as likely as women to have them again after finishing treatment, according to an analysis of several studies.

"Gender may need to be considered when deciding how long patients should be treated with blood thinners," said Dr. Simon McRae, principal author of a paper published Friday in the medical journal Lancet.

McRae is a doctor with the department of hematology and oncology at Queen Elizabeth hospital in Woodville, Australia. He and his colleagues analyzed 15 studies in a review that considered approximately 5,400 people who had discontinued medication three to six months after having a blood clot.

Blood clots, or thrombosis, are thought to affect 1 in every 1,000 people. The clots develop in veins of the legs, which then get dislodged and can travel to the heart or lungs, potentially causing cardiac or pulmonary failure.

The condition has also been called "economy class syndrome," since remaining immobile for long stretches of time, for example during long-haul flights, is a known risk factor.

There is no discernible difference in the risk of a first blood clot between men and women. When it comes to recurrent thrombosis, however, McRae concludes that men appear to be statistically at higher risk.

McRae said that the discrepancy is significant enough that physicians should take gender into account when treating patients.

"The real potential of this study is that it will help doctors determine how long certain patients should remain on blood thinners," he said.

Researchers are still trying to determine why men are more susceptible to recurrent blood clots than women. They believe physiological, genetic or hormonal variations might play a role.

"We know that diseases manifest in different ways between men and women," said Dr. Sidney Smith, director of the center for cardiovascular science at the University of North Carolina. "The next step is to design a prospective study so that we can see if these observed differences are actually real."

In an accompanying commentary in the Lancet, scientists in Italy conclude that "it is still too early to rely on patients' sex when determining the length of treatment on blood-thinners."

"There is a lot of data available that could be examined in more detail," said Dr. Sania Nishtar, founder of Heart file, a health-policy think tank in Pakistan, and frequent adviser to the World Health organization. "The Lancet study may not have found any definitive answers, but what it has done is to flag important research questions," said Nishtar.

1.  The spread of the blood clots has been called "economy class syndrome" due to the consideration of its _____
[A] cause
[B] cost
[C] time
[D] result

2.  The "cardiac" failure means the failure of ____
[A] lungs
[B] heart
[C] legs
[D] Blood

3.  In the researchers' view, which of the following can not explain why men are more likely to be affected with recurrent blood clots than women? ______  
[A] They have different characteristics in the functioning of their organisms.
[B] They are affected by different genes.
[C] They are different in their life styles.
[D] They have different levels of hormone.

4.  Which one of the following is not true according to the passage? ______
[A] Physicians should take gender into account when treating patients.
[B]The blood clots usually occur firstly in veins of the legs.
[C]Men and women have different risk in the infection of a first blood clot.
[D]The doctors still can not rely on patients' sex to determine how long certain patients should remain on blood thinners.

5.  Which is Dr. Sania Nishtar's comment on the Lancet study? ____
[A] The study has found out all the answers for the difference in the risk of blood clot between men and women
[B] The study has helped doctors determine how long certain patients should remain on blood thinners
[C] The study is meaningless since it had not found out any definitive answers
[D] The study has found out no definitive answers, but it is still quite valuable of the future research.

Passage Two

Many Americans often reach for a sugary, caffeineated soda to quench their thirst. But aside from the increased risk of obesity and diabetes, regular consumption of cola might lead to lower bone mineral density in older women and increase their risk of osteoporosis, according to a new study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

Katherine Tucker, director of Tuft University's Epidemiology and Dietary Assessment Program, led her colleagues in a study that analyzed dietary questionnaires submitted by 1,125 men and 1,413 women between the ages of 29 and 86. Overall, participants were largely former smokers and moderate drinkers who were slightly overweight and, on average, men drank cola five times a week while women drank it four times a week. Density measurements show cola consumption significantly reduced bone mass in the hip regardless of the woman's age, menopausal status, intake of calcium and vitamin D and her history of smoking and alcohol consumption. Diet cola had a similar affect on women's bone density. By contrast, the bone density of male was not similarly affected.

What it means: A so-called silent disease, osteoporosis is progressive and often misunderstood as a natural consequence of aging. Four times as many women will develop osteoporosis than men and currently 10 million Americans suffer from it. But osteoporosis is preventable and the nearly 34 million Americans who have the potential to develop the disease can take steps to prevent it. Caffeine has been considered a risk factor for osteoporosis and phosphoric acid, found in cola, has been shown to reduce calcium absorption. Additionally, high fructose corn syrup might also weaken bone. It is important to note that at least one previous study showed a link between cola consumption and increases in the amount of calcium measured in urine.

This study shows that women are more sensitive to the effects of cola than men, but the mechanism is still unclear. Researchers ruled out the possibility that cola replaces healthier beverages, such as milk, in the diet that might lead to lower bone density. And to the point of gender, they suggest that more physical activity, a diet higher in calcium and different hormone levels might help protect males from the downside of drinking cola. Until further research is done, however, women (and men) can keep their bones strong with regular weight-bearing exercise and high intake of calcium and vitamin D.

1. What is true about the participants took part in the dietary questionnaires carried out by Katherine Tucker and her colleagues? ______
[A] They were all former smokers.
[B] They are fat heavy drinkers.
[C] They suffered similarly from the drinking of cola.
[D] They were all regular cola drinkers.

2. Generally speaking, why women will suffer more from the downside of drinking cola than men? ______
[A] Because women have less physical activity.
[B] Because women will decline more quickly than men when getting older.
[C] Because women's diet is usually lower in calcium.
[D] Both A and C

3. A silent disease (in the first sentence of paragraph three) means____
[A] a disease that makes you dumb
[B] a disease that can not defend itself
[C] a disease that comes to us as time flows
[D] a disease that should not be mentioned

4. Which one of the following is false according to the passage? ______
[A] Diet cola reduces women's bone density as much as common cola.
[B] It is commonly accepted that people will suffer from osteoporosis more possibly when they are getting older.
[C] The researchers believe that sometimes cola can replace milk while not lead to lower bone density.
[D] Women can resort to exercises to keep their bone strong.

5. According to the passage, which opinion is true? ____
[A] Regular consumption of cola might lead to lower bone mineral density in younger women.
[B] It is already clear why women are more sensitive to the effects of cola than men.
[C] Cola consumption can reduce same bone mass in the hip of any woman.
[D] Men's intake of calcium would not be reduced by Cola consumption.练习答案与题解

I．Cloze

1. [B]
outset和opening表示开端，起始； onset一般表示（坏事）的开始，动手；outcome指结果，成果；文中此处讲的是帕金森氏症的开始，所以用onset比较合适。

2. [A]
destroy 强调以具有摧毁或杀伤性的力量把某物彻底毁掉；demolish 尤其适用摧毁象建筑物之类的庞大物体，词义引伸后可以表示推翻已经确立了的理论等；wreck 尤其适用于表示碰毁、撞坏，词义引伸之后，wreck 通常表示抽象含义的彻底毁掉，这时可与ruin换用；ruin 亦指彻底毁掉，但不含有以某种摧毁性的力量进行破坏，而含有在一定的过程中逐渐毁掉的意思。文中此处说的是摇头丸对脑细胞的杀伤情况，所以应选择destroy。

3. [C]
intuition是对诸如真理或事实的洞察力或理解力，而不牵扯理性的过程；understanding  是某人理解认知的能力，常带有从运用中获得的理解力之意；reason是指通过理性且逻辑地思考并作出推理的能力；judgment是对形势或环境的估计并作出正确结论的能力。此处说摇头丸除了会影响动作，还会影响人们的理性思维能力，所以选reason。

4. [B]
此题根据后面的介词to应选择link，其他三个词均需和介词with搭配。

5. [A]
文中此处说的这项研究中选用的是猴子和狒狒，而且因为主语是study，所以应该用现在分词表示主动含义，综合考虑只能选用involving。

6. [C]
此处是说这两种灵长类动物遭受了严重的伤害，因此选suffer。

7. [D]
此处是说这种主要的细胞被称为多巴胺神经细胞，由于是被动含义，因此只能在过去分词中选择。mark表示作标记，title表示给予称号尤其是头衔，放在此处均不合适，所以选called。

8. [D]
由于前面的介词at是因此排除选[A]和[B]的可能，intermission是表示暂停或停顿，不符合文义；interval表示时间间隔，同时可以和at搭配，所以选择该词。

9. [C]
前文一直在讲吸食摇头丸可能会对大脑造成的损伤，所以我们可以初步判断此处可能该选用brain一词，而根据常识，我们还知道狒狒和人类在脑结构方面比较相似，因此选[C]。

10. [D]
disuse是指"停用"；ill-use是指"虐待和凌辱"；misuse是指"误用"，意思不符；abuse表示"滥用"。此处讲的是滥用毒品的危险，所以选择该词。

11. [B]
claiming表示"索取，夺走"，暗指采用一种貌似合理的暴力手段取走，此处是指吸毒可能已经夺走了一些神经系统遭受重大伤害的无辜者的生命，所以选择该词，其他三项均不合文意。

12. [B]
suggestion指"通过联想或思绪的联系使想到某事"；hint指的是"通常包含线索的间接的或较隐密的暗示"；intimation指"反映出谨慎、技巧或保留的间接的、微妙的表达方式"；insinuation 指"以隐蔽的、委婉的或秘密的方式暗示"，通常是不愉快的事。而implication 的意思是"提出一个没有明确表示的想法或主意"， 但可以从别的较明显的事物，如声明中推断出来，符合上下文。

13. [C]
enlarge 指在大小、程度、容量或范围等方面的扩大；extend 指加大空间、加长时间或扩大范围；increase 应用范围比较广，有时指稳定的增长；expand 指在大小、面积、容积、体积或范围等方面的增长。这里是说随着年龄的增加，吸毒的风险也在逐步升高，所以选increase。

14. [A]
do damage to sb.是固定搭配，意为"损害，破坏"。

15. [C]
根据上下文可以判断出此处说的是即使偶尔使用毒品也会对大脑系统产生长久的影响，所以选[C]。

16. [B]
have effects on是固定搭配，意为"对......有影响"。

17. [D]
根据上下文可以判断出此处说的是不要拿大脑作实验，所以选[D]。

18. [D]
amazement表示"极度惊讶，困惑"；astoundment暗指"由于未经历过的事情产生的震惊"；astonishment 表示"难以抵御的惊讶"；surprise 指的是"因其出乎意料或非同寻常而使人突然充满好奇和不相信"。文中此处讲的是这位母亲早已预见到乐这种后果，所以一点不意外，所以选[D]。

19. [A]
sign是比较普通的用词；token通常指无形事物的证据或证明；mark可以指一个可见的痕迹或印证，或指一个特别的特征或特点的显示；而symptom 表示一个过程或状态的外在显示，尤指一个不利的状态，符合文意。

20. [B]
此处的with表示"在...的过程中"，这句话是说吸食毒品的不良影响不会一下就表现出来，它的表现是一个缓慢的过程，就和吸烟一样。类似的例句有We grow older with the hours.我们随时光流逝而长大。

II. Reading Passages

Par A 阅读理解

Passage One

[疑难长句翻译与注解]

1. Gender may need to be considered when deciding how long patients should be treated with blood thinners.

[译文]在决定病人应当使用多久的血液稀释剂时，可能需要考虑一下病人的性别。

[注解]这句话中一直没出现真正的施动者，在翻译的时候可以选择加或不加；如果不添加，必须将状语提前。

2. He and his colleagues analyzed 15 studies in a review that considered approximately 5,400 people who had discontinued medication three to six months after having a blood clot.

[译文] 在回顾检查中，他和他的同事们分析了十五项研究，这些研究细心观察了大约5400名血栓患者，这些患者在患病三到六个月后放弃了药物治疗。

[注解] 这句话有点复杂，句中that引导的是定语从句，先行词是review；该词后面的who引导的也是一个定语从句，先行词是people，在翻译时为了避免定语过长，要进行适当的拆分。

3. Blood clots, or thrombosis, are thought to affect 1 in every 1,000 people.

[译文] 每一千人中会有一人患上血液堵塞，又称为血栓症。

[注解] 原文中用了被动语态，然而在中文中很不习惯用被动句来表达，因此，要进行主谓调整，在主语改变后，有时谓语也要作出一些相应的调整。在这句话中，由于主语变成了人，因此谓语只能说"患上"。

4.The next step is to design a prospective study so that we can see if these observed differences are actually real.

[译文]下一步需要设计一项前瞻性调查，这样我们就能知道是否真的存在这些观测到的差异。

[注解] so that引导的是一个结果状语从句，在这个从句中又包含了一个if引导的宾语从句，作see的宾语，这里的if不是指"如果"，而是表示"是否"。

5. In an accompanying commentary in the Lancet, scientists in Italy conclude that "it is still too early to rely on patients' sex when determining the length of treatment on blood-thinners."

[译文] 在兰瑟特医学杂志发表的附随评论中，意大利的科学家认为"依靠病人的性别来决定使用血液稀释剂的时间长短还为时过早。"

[注解] 这句话中的accompanying是个形容词，表示"陪伴的, 附随的"；that引导的是一个宾语从句，作conclude的宾语；此句中的when引导的也是一个伴随状语，用法同while。

[参考答案及解析]

1. [C]
第九段的比较后一句话说，研究者们只是认为不同的生理基础、不同的基因和荷尔蒙水准可能导致男性比女性更容易患血栓症，并没提到生活习惯的影响。

2. [A]
文章第五段说这种状况被称为"经济舱综合症"，因为长时间保持不动弹，就像在长时间的飞行中那样，是一个大家熟知的危险因素。因此我们可以判断，考虑到病情的诱因，这种状况被称为"经济舱综合症"。

3. [B]
文章第四段说"The clots develop in veins of the legs, which then get dislodged and can travel to the heart or lungs, potentially causing cardiac or pulmonary failure."根据句式的平行关系，我们可以发现cardiac 对应的是heart，pulmonary对应的是lungs.

4. [C]
第七段提出，内科医师在治疗时应该考虑性别的差异，所以[A]是正确的；第四段说血栓首先从腿部的血管开始，然后向其他绳梯部分扩散，随意[B]是对的；文章第十一段指出"it is still too early to rely on patients' sex when determining the length" of treatment on blood-thinners."，所以[D]是正确的；第六段的第一句话说"There is no discernible difference in the risk of a first blood clot between men and women."所以该题选[C]。

5. [D]
文章的比较后一句话指出这项研究尽管没有得出任何明确的答案，但是它标示出研究的重要问题所在，因此还是有意义的，所以[D]选项是正确的，并且我们也可以排除选[A]和[C]的可能。至于选项[B]，文章第十一段指出"it is still too early to rely on patients' sex when determining the length" of treatment on blood-thinners."所以不正确。

Passage Two

[疑难长句翻译与注解]

1. But aside from the increased risk of ....American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[译文] 美国临床营养学杂志发表的一项比较新研究表示，经常饮用可乐类饮料除了会增加患肥胖症和糖尿病的危险，还可能会降低年长女性骨质中的矿物质密度，并增加其患骨质疏松症的危险。

[注解]这是一个简单句，谓语部分由两个并列动词构成，分别时might lead to和increase；在翻译这一句话时，要将状语提前，这样才符合中文的行文习惯；aside from表示"除......以外"。

2. Overall, participants were largely former smokers and moderate drinkers... four times a week.

 [译文] 大体来看，参加者主要是略微超重的曾经吸烟者和适度饮酒者，而且平均而言，其中的男性每周饮用可乐类饮料五次，女性每周四次。

 [注解]这句话是个并列句。其中，who引导的是一个定语从句，先行词是drinkers。连词while连接了两个并列分句，表示两者情况的对比。

3. A so-called silent disease, osteoporosis is progressive and ....consequence of aging.

[译文]所谓的无声的病，骨质疏松症，是日益严重的，常常被错误地理解成是衰老的一个自然结果。

[注解] 在这句话中，a so-called silent disease和osteoporosis是同位关系，可以相互补充说明；尽管这句话的谓语部分非常长，但仍然是个简单句。

4. It is important to note that at least one previous study showed ...measured in urine.

[译文]重要的是，我们注意到以前至少有一项研究表示可乐类饮料的饮用和尿液中含钙量的增加是有联系的。

[注解]这句话有点复杂，首先it是个形式主语，真正的主语是"to note that..."，而在这个真正的主语中，that引导的是个宾语从句，作note的宾语。因为真正的主语过长，为了避免头重脚轻，作者选用形式主语。

5. And to the point of gender, they suggest that more physical activity, ...of drinking cola.

[译文] 就性别而言，他们（研究者们）表示，更多的体力活动、饮食中含有更高的钙、不同的荷尔蒙含量使男性可以免受可乐类饮料的负面影响。

[注解] 这句话中，to the point of常用来表示"达到......的程度"，此处意为"就......而言"；that引导的是一个宾语从句，作suggest的宾语。此句的suggest，意为"表明，说明"，因此从句不使用虚拟语气。

[参考答案及解析]

1. [D]
从句子"Overall, participants were largely former smokers and moderate drinkers who were slightly overweight and, on average, men drank cola five times a week while women drank it four times a week."，可以看出这些参与者大部分曾经吸过烟，但不是全部；他们只适度喝酒，并不曾喝的太多，而他们都经常饮用可乐因此[A][B]都不正确；[D]是正确的，所以选[D]；[C]不正确，从比较后一段可以看出，可乐对这些人产生的影响并不相同。

2. [D]
文章比较后一段说，就性别而言，他们（研究者们）表示，更多的体力活动、饮食中含有更高的钙、不同的荷尔蒙含量使男性可以免受可乐类饮料的负面影响，因此，我们可以推断出，于男性相比，女性从事的体力活动相对要少、而饮食中含钙量相对较低，因此选[D]。

3. [C]
根据该短语所属的主句的意思，我们可以确定我们的选项。该句的主句是osteoporosis is progressive and often misunderstood as a natural consequence of aging. （骨质疏松症是日益严重的，常常被错误地理解成是衰老的一个自然结果）。

4. [C]
文中第二段说"Diet cola had a similar affect on women's bone density."，因此[A]项表述正确；从第三段的话"osteoporosis is progressive and often misunderstood as a natural consequence of aging"我们可以看出大多数人认为骨质疏松是衰老的一个自然过程，因此[B]项表述也正确；从文章也可以看出[D]项表述也正确；[C]项表述不正确，文章比较后一段说"Researchers ruled out the possibility that cola replaces healthier beverages, such as milk, in the diet that might lead to lower bone density."，因此选[C]。

5. [C]
[A]的表述是错的，从第一段可以看出经常饮用可乐会使年长的女性骨质中的矿物密度变低；第四段提到the mechanism is still unclear,所以[B]不符合文中给出的信息；[C]是正确的，文章第二段有说到。[D]选项的表述也是不正确的，因为尽管经常饮用可乐不会像影响女性那样、严重的影响男性的钙的吸收，但是它依然影响是有的。所以选[A]。