2011年工程硕士GCT英语辅导专栏（第七周）

复合从句

　　分类

　　名词性从句：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。

　　形容词性从句：定语从句

　　副词性从句：时间状语从句、原因状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句和方式状语从句。

　　名词性从句

　　单纯连接词：that, if, whether(句中不充当成分）

　　疑问代词：who, whoever, whichever, what, whatever

　　疑问副词：when, where, why, how

　　主语从句

　　That we shall be late is certain.他迟到是肯定的。

　　Who he is doesn’t concern me.

　　What she did is not yet known.

　　How the prisoner escaped is a complete mystery.

　　It is certain that we shall be late.

　　It’s not yet known what she did.

　　重要考点

　　That 不充当成分但不可省略。

　　为保句子平衡，可用it 做形式主语，真正主语从句放在句末.

　　That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody.地球围绕着太阳转是众所周知的事实。(= It is well-known to everybody that the earth goes around the sun.)

　　谓语动词单数。

　　只能使用whether表示是否, if 不可以使用

　　用何连词看从句中缺少什么成分来决定

　　表语从句

　　1. The problem is who we can get to replace her.

　　2. That is what he meant.

　　3. The question is how he did it.

　　4. That’s where he lives.

　　5. This was when I really got to know the United States.

　　6. Things are not always as they seem to be.

　　7. His first question was whether Tom had arrived yet.

　　8. The problem is that he does not come.

　　重要考点

　　That 一般不可以省略

　　只能使用whether表示是否, if 不可以；但as if 可以

　　The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。

　　All this was over twenty years ago, but it seems as if it was only yesterday.所有这一切过去20多年了，但似乎刚刚是昨天发生的一样。

　　用何连词看从句中缺少什么成分来决定

　　宾语从句

　　1. I understand that he is well-qualified, but I feel he needs more experience.

　　2. I am sorry that you’re ill.

　　3. He made it quite clear that he preferred to study English.

　　4.They told us once again that the situation was serious.(that不可以省略,否则有歧义)(省后可译成：他们再次告诉我们形势很严重。/他们告诉我们形势再次很严重）

　　5. I haven’t the least interest in what he is doing.

　　6. We have no definite information yet as to which route he will take.

　　7. She is sorry for what she said.

　　重要考点

　　That 在不引起歧义时可以省略

　　动词宾语从句中，whether if等同,介词宾语从句中只用whether

　　I don’t know whether/if he will come.

　　I have no idea as to whether he will come.

　　为保句子平衡，可用it 做形式宾语，真正宾语从句放在句末。

　　He made it quite clear that he preferred to study English.

　　用何连词看从句中缺少什么成分来决定

　　注意介词宾语从句(多用what)

　　Whether 和if 差别

　　1 if 只可以用于动词宾语从句中，不可以用于主语从句、表语从句和介词宾语从句中

　　2 whether 可以和or not 连用，if 则不可

　　I don’t know whether he will come or not.

　　I don’t know whether/if he will come.

　　同位语从句

　　1 The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen.

　　2 Have you heard the news that Mary is going to have a baby.

　　3 Where did you get the idea that I could not come.

　　重要考点

　　Wh-诸词一般不引导同位语从句

　　大多由从属连词that 连接，但that不充当成分

　　先行词多为news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, message等抽象名词

　　起到解释说明的作用

　　定语从句

　　分类

　　限定性定语从句：一般紧接在所修饰的名词后，描写主句所涉及的人或物的具体情况，是主句不可缺少的一部分。

　　非限定性定语从句：为主句所描写的人或物提供一些附加情况，没有它，主句意义仍然完整。位于所修饰的名词之后，用逗号与主句分开。

　　关系代词的选用

　　限定性定语从句

　　The man who robbed the bank has been arrested.

　　The woman( whom/who/that) I told you about came back yesterday.

　　The VCD (which) I bought yesterday broke down.

　　That’s the man whose house has been burnt down.

　　That was the year when he was born.

　　Let’s meet at the gate where you can see the panda.

　　Can you tell me the reason why you are late

　　非限定性定语从句

　　You can talk to Mr. Thomson, who is now in his office.

　　He introduced me to his wife, whom I hadn’t met before.

　　His house, which he bought for $10,000 ten years ago, is now worth $ 35,000.

　　He was very nervous during his first job interview, which was understandable.

　　We will discuss the problem tomorrow, when you calm down.

　　He lived in an attic in an old house, where he had a good view of the city.

　　重要考点

　　1 限定性定语从句中，关系代词做宾语时可以省略

　　2 当先行词是

　　*all, something, nothing 等不定代词时

　　*first, last, only, few, much, some, any, no 等词修饰时

　　*形容词修饰时

　　只用that不用which

　　3 非限定性定语从句只能用which 不用that

　　非限制性定语从句中只能用which，可以指代前面的一个词，也可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似。例如：

　　He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.

　　他比赛获胜，令他父母十分欣慰。

　　4 As在定语从句中的用法

　　1）引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

　　（１）as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。

　　such… as; same…as

　　It wasn’t such a good dinner as she had promised us

　　（２）as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。例如：

　　The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.

　　2）As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置

　　as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面．中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后

　　As we all know, Taiwan is a part of China.

　　Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which (as ) is known to all.

　　5 做介词宾语时，如介词位于关系代词前一般用which 或whom, 如介词位于句末，也可使用that,且可省略。

　　The earth on which we are now living came into being long, long ago.

　　The earth (which/that) we are now living on came into being long, long ago.

　　6 误区

　　That was the time that/which I still remember today.

　　That was the time when(at which) he came.

　　That is the factory that/which we are going to visit.

　　That is the factory where(in which) my brother works.

　　状语从句

　　Andrea

　　时间状语从句　when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till, once, as soon as,etc.

　　地点状语从句　where, wherever

　　原因状语从句　because, since, as, for, now that, etc.

　　目的状语从句　in order that, so that, that, etc.

　　结果状语从句　so…that, so that, such…that, that, etc.

　　条件状语从句　if, unless, as (so) long as, etc.

　　让步状语从句　though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, as,etc.

　　比较状语从句　as…as, so…as, than, etc.

　　方式状语从句　as, as if, as though, etc.

　　1 时间状语从句

　　常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until

　　特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when

　　No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.

　　他们刚一到家就下起雨来了

　　Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.

　　每次我听从他的建议就会惹麻烦。

　　1 when, while& as 的差别

　　While多表示一段时间内的持续性动作或状态

　　When和as 既表示持续也可以表示瞬间的概念

　　As 可以表示随着…

　　I was about to leave when the telephone rang.

　　While Peter was reading, his wife was cooking.

　　As she got older, she got wiser.

　　2 the minute, the moment, every time, the instant, the second, instantly, immediately, directly 等词可以直接引导时间状语从句

　　Immediately he arrived, he started describing us what had happened.

　　The moment I saw it, I liked it.

　　2 原因状语从句

　　常用引导词：because, since, as, since ，for(句尾表显而易见的原因或表推测）

　　特殊引导词：seeing that（看到）, now that既然, in that（原因）在于, considering that（考虑到）；given that考虑到, considering that（考虑到）

　　Since the speaker can’t come, we’ll have to cancel the meeting.

　　Now （that ）we have finished the course, we can begin our term paper.既然我们已经学完了这门课，我们可以开始写学期论文了。

　　It must have rained last night, for the ground was wet. 昨晚一定下雨了，因为地湿了。

　　Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.

　　考虑到他还不到12岁，180公分的个子算是惊人。

　　3 条件状语从句

　　常用引导词：if, unless,

　　特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if只要providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that

　　If you don’t come on time, we’ll start out without you.

　　As long as you keep on trying, you’ll certainly succeed.

　　考点：providing that, provided (如果）supposing that, suppose that假设, on condition that, in case以防万一.

　　Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.

　　如果没人反对，我们就在那里举行会议。

　　4 地点状语从句

　　常用引导词：where

　　特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere

　　I’ll drive you wherever you are going.

　　Where there is a will, there is a way.

　　You have the right to live where you want.

　　5 目的状语从句

　　常用引导词：so that, in order that

　　特殊引导词：lest惟恐, in case, for fear that惟恐，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that（为了）

　　She ate her supper quickly so she could go out early.

　　Speak clearly so that they will understand you.

　　Don’t let your baby play with your watch in case he damages it.

　　连词：so that, in order that, in case, for fear that, lest(从句中用should)

　　6 让步状语从句

　　常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though

　　特殊引导词：as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首)，no matter …, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever

　　Although we were poor, we were very happy.

　　Even if he proves to be wrong, he wouldn’t admit it.

　　Despite(in spite of) his illness, he still went to work.(=Despite the fact that he was ill/Although he was ill, he still went to work).

　　考点：

　　1. Whatever, wherever, whenever, whoever, however等词引导的让步状语从句等同于no matter…

　　No matter how （=However) hard he tried, she could not change her mind.

　　不管他如何努力，她就是不改决心。

　　He won’t listen to whatever you may say. 无论你说什么他都不听

　　2 Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.

　　尽管我很尊敬他，我却不同意他的建议。

　　3. Despite/in spite of 后面加名词性成分

　　7 结果状语从句

　　常用引导词：so … that, so… that, such … that,

　　特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that

　　His heart beat so fast that he could hardly breathe.

　　It gave him such s shock that his face turned white.

　　He overslept, so that he was late for work.

　　8 方式状语从句

　　常用引导词：as, as if, how

　　特殊引导词：the way

　　Do as you are told.叫你怎么做你就怎么做。

　　I’ve taken the medicine as instructed.我已经按医嘱服药了。

　　When in Rome, do as the Roman do. 入乡随俗.

　　She behaved as if she were the boss. 她的举止像是个老板.

　　Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us. 有时候我们教导孩子就像父母当年那样教导我们。

　　9. 比较状语从句

　　常用引导词：as (同级比较), than (不同程度的比较)

　　特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; just as …，so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B

　　She is as bad-tempered as her mother. 她像她母亲一样脾气暴躁。

　　The house is three times as big as ours. 这房子是我们房子的三倍大。

　　The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. 你越锻炼，身体就越健康。

　　Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。

　　倍数表达法

　　这房子是我们房子的三倍大。

　　The house is three times as big as ours.

　　The house is three times bigger than ours.

　　The house is three times the size of ours.