2011年工程硕士GCT英语辅导专栏（第三周）

   分词

　　分词在英语中是非常活跃的语言现象。在学习分词的过程中应该明确，在大多数情况下分词只是从句的一种省略形式，目的在于使语言更为简练，尤其在笔头上。所以无论是现在分词，还是过去分词都与从句的主动被动，时态有着密切的关系。注意将分词短语与从句加以比较，对于理解分词有很大的帮助。

　　▲ 分词的构成

　　现在分词──动词原形+ing

　　过去分词──动词原形+ed（部分分词有不规则变化）

　　分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。

　　注意 ！！！！

　　现在分词---通常含有主动和进行两个概念。

　　过去分词---通常含有被动和完成两个概念。

　　分词做表语

　　The film we saw yesterday was really moving.

　　我们昨天看的那场电影确实感人。

　　（电影使人感动，所以用现在分词）

　　They were excited on hearing the news.

　　听到这个消息，他们很激动。

　　（他们为消息而激动，用过去分词）

　　The story is very interesting.

　　这个故事很有意思。

　　（故事使人感兴趣，用现在分词）

　　They are interested in the story.

　　他们对这故事很感兴趣。

　　（故事使他们感兴趣，他们是承受者，用过去分词）

　　注：现在分词和过去分词做表语时，因为它们很像形容词，很多词典已经把它们例为形容词或某种习惯，用法如to be interested in, to be excited on.

　　▲ 分词做定语

　　1. 单独一个分词做定语通常放在所修饰的名词前面。

　　an understanding man

　　一个能理解别人的人   =a man who understands others.

　　（现在分词表示主动）

　　a developing country

　　发展中国家                =a country which is developing

　　（现在分词表示进行）

　　smoked fish

　　熏鱼                         =fish which has been smoked

　　（过去分词表示被动和完成）

　　a developed country

　　发达国家                 =a country which has been developed

　　（过去分词表示完成）

　　2. 分词短语做定语往往放在所修饰的名词之后，实际上是一个定语从句的省略，但要注意不是所有的定语从句都能用分词代替。关键在于定语从句的时态。下面举例说明。

　　The girl sitting in that corner is a good singer.

　　分词短语做定语

　　=The girl who is sitting in that corner is a good singer.

　　坐在角落的那个姑娘是个好歌手。

　　（现在分词短语做定语时表示的是进行）

　　Do you know the way leading into the mountain ?

　　现在分词短语做定语

　　=Do you know the way that leads into the mountain?

　　你知道进山的那条路吗？

　　（将which省略，将leads改为现在分词。从上面句子可以看出，现在分词短语做定语也可以表示与谓语动作同时发生）。

　　Do you know the teacher to teach us English?

　　=Do you know the teacher who will teach us English?

　　你认识要教我们英语的那位教师吗？

　　注：上面的句子只能用不定式做定语因为从句所表达的意思是将来时。因此，现在分词短语做定语时，动作必须同谓语动作同时发生。否则不能用现在分词做定语。

　　The proposal made by him will be discussed.

　　=The proposal that was made by him, will be discussed.

　　他提出的提议将被讨论。

　　上句所定名词proposal是make动作的承受者，所以用过去分词。我们可以从定语从句中看出。过去分词含有被动含有完成也就是该分词的动作发生在谓语动词之前。

　　The goods ordered from abroad will soon be delivered.

　　=The goods, which were ordered from abroad, will soon be delivered.

　　从国外定的货很快就会被送来。

　　注：过去分词做定语含有被动和完成的概念，即分词的动作发生在谓语动词之前，因此，不是所有被动语态的定语从句都可省略成过去分词。请看例句。

　　Do you know the name of the book which will be written by our teacher.

　　你知道我们老师要写的书的名字吗？

　　Do you know the name of the book to be written by our teacher.

　　该句的written发生在谓语动词know之后，所以不能省掉which will be。如果省略意思就变了。请看例句。

　　Do you know the name of the book written by our teacher?

　　=Do you know the name of the book that was written by our teacher?

　　你知道我们老师写的那本书的书名吗？（意思是该书已写出来了）

　　1．The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.

　　A. having written            B. to be written

　　C. being written             D. written

　　2．Don't you see the policeman _____ towards us.

　　A. to run          B. run               C. running         D. ran

　　3．The Olympic Games, ___ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.

　　A. first playing          B. to be first played

　　C. first played           D. to be first playing

　　4．European football is played in 80 countries, _____ it the most popular sport in the world.

　　A. making      B. makes        C. made            D. to make

　　D C C A

　　4．=European football is played in 80 countries, which makes it most popular sport in the world.该句是非限定性定语从句的省略。Which 定的是前面整个一句话。

　　分词做状语

　　注意 ！！！！

　　分词做状语实际上就是一个并列句或状语从句的省略，并对句子稍做改动。

　　She stood there and hesitated because she didn't know what to do.

　　=She stood there and hesitated, not knowing what to do.

　　As he is a clever boy， he studies very well.

　　=Being a clever boy, he studies very well.

　　因为他是个聪明孩子，所以他学习很好。

　　When she was asked about it, she said she knew nothing.

　　=(When) asked about it, she said she knew nothing.

　　当问起她这件事时，她说她不知道。

　　注：上句用过去分词，因其是一个从被动语态的从句省略而来，有时我们可以保留一些连词，像when, while等。

　　If they are applied in agriculture, the machines will save farmers much labor.

　　=If applied in agriculture, the machines will save farmers much labor.

　　如果将这些机器用于农业，就可以省去农民很多劳动。

　　注：如果连词是if，我们通常保留。

　　1. He sent me an e-mail, _______ to get further information.

　　A. hoped          B. hoping

　　C. to hope         D. hope

　　2．_______ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.

　　A. Being founded      B. It was founded

　　C. Founded            D. Founding

　　3. The fisherman, ______ poor, could not buy another boat.

　　A. is          B. was         C. being        D. been

　　4. _______ under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate精致的six-pointed shape.

　　A. Seeing       B. Seen        C. To see        D. To be seen

　　B C C B

　　5. While travelling  in Europe, ____.

　　A Jane was shocked by the social reform movement.

　　B. it was the social reform movement that shocked Jane

　　C. the social reform movement shocked Jane

　　D. Jane, shocked by the social reform movement.

　　6. After taking this examination, _____.

　　A. the book was read by him

　　B. the book made him happy to read it.

　　C. he wanted to read the book.

　　D. the reading of the book gave him some pleasure.

　　7. Asked if he could come to the party that night, _____.

　　A. nobody said anything

　　B. they did not get an answer from him

　　C. nothing was said by him

　　D. John nodded his head and left the room

　　A C D

　　现在分词做宾语补语

　　可以用于这种结构的动词有hear, see, notice, watch等感官动词。

　　I saw the boy climbing the tree.

　　我看到那个孩子在爬树。

　　注：在这种结构中我们也可以用省略to的不定式，I saw the boy climb the tree.现在分词表示进行，而不定式表示有这么一回事。

　　过去分词做宾语补语

　　have sth. done或get sth. done表示让别人做某事。

　　you should have your TV set repaired.

　　你应该把你的电视送去修一下。

　　I will go to get my hair cut.

　　我要去理个发。

　　1. Excuse me, but it is time to have your temperature _________.

　　A. taking        B. taken        C. took        D. take

　　2. Standing on the bank, the children watched the ship __________ with all kinds of goods.

　　A. loading              B. being loaded

　　C. to be loaded          D. having loaded

　　3. Pierre often makes himself _____ by gesturing with his hands.

　　A. to understand           B. understanding

　　C. to be understood        D. understood

　　B B D

　　现在分词的时态

　　一般时              doing

　　完成时             having done

　　注意 ！！！！

　　现在分词的完成时主要用于状语从句，强调分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，简单地说，当状语从句的时态是完成时，我们在省略时，也用分词的完成时。

　　After he had waited for long time, he was asked into the office.

　　=Having waited for long time, he was asked into the office.

　　在等了很长时间之后，他被叫进了办公室。

　　Since I have never been to China I know little about the country.

　　=Never having been to China, I know little about the country.

　　因为没去过中国，我对那个国家知道的很少。

　　典型例题：

　　______ a reply, he decided to write again.

　　A. Not receiving           B. Receiving not

　　C. Not having received     D. Having not received

　　C 该句是分词短语做状语，是从句的省略。Because he hadn't received a reply, he decided to write again. 在书面语时，我们通常将从句省略，省略because he 将 had 改为having 否定not 通常要置于句首。由于该句强调从句的动作发生在主句前，所以用完成时。语法书上通常称作现在分词的完成时。同学们可以把它看作是一个完成时的从句省略。

　　现在分词的被动语态

　　现在分词的被动                 being done

　　现在分词完成时的被动      having been done

　　现在分词的被动语态和完成时的被动语态，主要用于做状语和定语。注意下列每对句子中分词与从句的时态和语态

　　Having been kept indoor for the whole morning , the children became impatient.

　　=As they had been kept indoor for the whole morning the children became impatient.

　　孩子们在室内呆了一上午，开始坐不住了。

　　I heard the noise of furniture being moved upstairs.

　　=I heard the noise of furniture that was being moved upstairs.

　　我听到楼上正在搬家具的声音。

　　Who is the man being operated on?

　　= Who is the man that is being operated on?

　　正在被做手术的人是谁？（正在进行）

　　注：试比较下列句子的不同。

　　Who is the man to operate on a patient tomorrow?

　　= Who is the man that will operate on a patient tomorrow?

　　明天要给病人做手术的人是谁？（不定式表将来）

　　Who is the man to be operated on tomorrow?

　　=Who is the man that will be operated on tomorrow?

　　明天要被做手术的那个人是谁？（不定式的被动表示将来的被动）

　　Who is the man operated on yesterday?

　　=Who is the man that was operated on yesterday?

　　谁是昨天被做手术的人？           （过去分词表示完成被动）

　　Who is the man operating on a patient now?

　　=Who is the man that is operating on a patient now?

　　正在给病人做手术的人是谁？    （现在分词表示进行的主动）

　　Who is the man being operated on now?

　　=Who is the man that is being operated on now?

　　正在被做手术的人是谁？            （现在分词的被动表示进行的被动）

　　典型例题：

　　1._________ anything about the accident, he went to work as well.

　　A. Not know              B. Know not

　　C. Knowing not           D. Not knowing

　　2. Having been served much, ______.

　　A. the problem was discussed by the members of the committee.

　　B. the committee members discussed the problem.

　　C. it was discussed by the committee members the problem.

　　D. a discussion of the problem was made by the members of the committee

　　3. Having the highest marks in his class, _____.

　　A. the college offered him a scholarship.

　　B. he was offered a scholarship by the college

　　C. a scholarship was offered him by the college

　　D. a college scholarship was offered to him

　　D B B

　　独立主格结构

　　独立主格结构看起来很乱，实际上我们只要把它看成一个从句的省略，就容易明白了。

　　Because he is ill, he will not go to school.

　　=Being ill, he will not go to school.

　　因为他病了，他不能去上学。

　　Because his mother is ill, he will not go to school.

　　=His mother being ill, he will not go to school.

　　因为他母亲病了，他不能上学。

　　注：句主从句的主语相同，省略主语后，不会产生混乱。第二句主从句主语不同，因此应保留从句的主语，只将is变为being,这就是独立主格结构的意义所在。

　　Her eyes filled with tears, she did not notice his coming.

　　Because the last bus had gone, we had to walk home.

　　=The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.

　　因为最后一班车已经去了，我们只有走着回家了。

　　The dark clouds had disappeared and the sun shone again.

　　=The dark clouds having disappeared, the sun shone again.

　　乌云散去，太阳又照耀着大地。

　　With the old man _______ the way, we had no trouble in finding that mysterious cave.

　　A. leading        B. led

　　C. lead                                 D. to be led

　　答案选A。本句包含一个with引导的独立主格结构。在分词独立主格结构中，分词的形式的选择与逻辑主语和谓语动作有关。句中作分词的动词lead和其逻辑主语the old man是主动关系，所以用现在分词。

　　= With the old man who led  the way, we had no trouble in finding that mysterious cave.

　　1. --Why are they taking all the equipment away?

　　--The job _____, they are packing up to leave.

　　A. it to done     B. did

　　C. was did      D. done

　　2. Classes ________, the students left for home without delay.

　　A. were over          B. being over

　　C. are over          D. over

　　3. This ________, we went out to play.

　　A. was done   B. Did

　　C. was dong   D. done

　　4. _______ all his followers dead, the commander was taken by his enemy.

　　A. For    B. As

　　C. Because of  D. With

　　D B D(A如果we前加上and，才能选A。) D

　　将下列句子中划线的部分改用分词短语

　　1. There are long lines of people who are waiting to buy the tickets.

　　2. As soon as the meal was over, we began to work again.

　　3. After his homework was done, Jim decided to go and see the play.

　　4. There are nine planets that are running around the sun and the earth is one of them.

　　1. There are long lines of people who are waiting to buy the tickets.

　　1. There are long lines of people waiting to buy the tickets.

　　2. As soon as the meal was over, we began to work again.

　　2. The meal (being) over, we began to work again.

　　3. After his homework was done, Jim decided to go and see the play.

　　3.His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play.

　　4. There are nine planets that are running around the sun and the earth is one of them.

　　4. There are nine planets running around the sun and the earth is one of them.

　　5. I hate to see the letter that were written in pencil.

　　6. If everything was taken into consideration, the plan, which Tom put forward, seems to be more workable.

　　7. Because the last bus had gone, we had to walk home.

　　8. A little girl walked past and her hair blew in the air.

　　9. After I talk to you I always feel better.

　　5. I hate to see the letter that were written in pencil.

　　5. I hate to see the letter written in pencil.

　　6. If everything was taken into consideration, the plan, which Tom put forward, seems to be more workable.

　　6. If taken into consideration, the plan which Tom put forward seems to be more workable.

　　7. Because the last bus had gone, we had to walk home.

　　7. The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.

　　8. A little girl walked past and her hair blew in the air.

　　8. A little girl walked past, her hair blowing in the air.

　　9. After I talk to you I always feel better.

　　9. (After) Talking to you ,I always feel better.

　　1. ____ his things, he hurried to the station.

　　A. Having packed up     B. Packed up

　　C. Packing up       D. Being packed up

　　2. The house was very quiet, _______ as it was on the side of a mountain.

　　A. isolated        B. isolating

　　C. being isolated              D. having been isolated

　　3. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ____ on benches, chairs or boxes.

　　A. having seated        B. seating

　　C. seated          D. having been

　　4. _______ in all parts of the state, pines松树are the most common trees in Georgia.

　　A. They found        B. Finding

　　C. Found          D. To find them

　　A A C C

　　5. _______, she might well have become an excellent actress.

　　A. To give the opportunity     B. Giving the opportunity

　　C. Given the opportunity      D. Give the opportunity

　　6. ______ on the road, the driver stopped the car.

　　A. Seen a bomb       B. To see a bomb

　　C. Seeing a bomb     D. After being seen a bomb

　　7. ______ a fine day, we decided to go out for a picnic.

　　A. It was    B. Being       C. What     D. It being

　　8. The human body is composed of organs, each _____ a definite job to do.

　　A. have       B. has        C. to have      D. having

　　C C D D

　　9. _______ from her son for a long time, the mother worried a great deal.

　　A. Not hearing             B. Not heard

　　C. Having not heard        D. Not having heard

　　10. "It's warmer in here now."

　　"Yes, I had Kate ________ the window."

　　A. closed          B. to close       C. closing       D. close

　　11. _____ by millions every night, television advertisements are a powerful means of communication.

　　A. Being seen   B. Seeing        C. To see       D. Seen

　　12. _______ no homework left, the pupils could do whatever they liked.

　　A. There being                B. There had

　　C. There was     D. There having

　　D D D A