上新东方的时候,写做的老师讲,逻辑分析写做中的很多逻辑错误可以套用真题(单体)中的逻
辑错误描述, 我总结了一下说法,希望对大家有用>>>:)
L ERROR TYPE IN THE REASONING OF ARGUMENT
1. TREATING THE CAUSE OF A SEQUENCE OF EVENTS AS IF IT WERE THE RESULT OF
THAT SEQUENCE OF EVENTS;
2. REJECTING A POSSIBLE EXPLANATION WITHOUT SUGGESTING AN ALTERNATIVE
EXPLANATION;
3. FAILING TO CONSIDER THE POSSIBILITY THAT THOSE WHO DID NOT BECOME ILL
SHORTLY AFTER EATING THE EGG SALAD BECAME ILL LATER
4. TREATING A LACK OF PROOF THAT SOMETHING IS THE CASE AS CONSTITUTING
SUFFICIENT PROOF THAT IT IS NOT THE CASE;
5. OVERLOOKING THE POSSIBILITY THAT SOME PEOPLE ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO
HARMFUL BACTERIA THAN ARE OTHER PEOPLE;
6. FAILS TO SPECIFY THE PERCENTAGE OF PREGNANT WOMEN WHO SUFFER FROM
VITAMIN DEFICIENCY
7. GIVES INSUFFICIENT INFORMATION ABOUT WHY PREGNANT WOMEN HAVE HIGHER
VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS THAN DO OTHER GROUPS;
8. FAILS TO EMPLOY THE SAME REFERENCE GROUP FOR BOTH USES OF THE TERM
“VITAMIN DEFICIENCY;
9. PROVIDES INSUFFICIENT INFORMATION ABOUT THE INCIDENCE OF VITAMIN
DEFICIENCY IN OTHER GROUPS WITH HIGH VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS
10. USES HIGHER REQUIREMENTS IN AN AMBIGUOUS MANNER;
11. THE ARGUMENT REITERATES ITS CONCLUSION INSTEAD OF PROVIDING A REASON
FOR IT.
12. THE ARGUMENT MAKES AN IRRELEVANT DISTINCTION BETWEEN FOREIGN AND UNITED
STATES MANUFACTURERS
13. THE REASON GIVEN FOR THE BAN UNDERMINES RATHER THAN SUPPORTS THE
CONCLUSION
14. THE REASON GIVEN FOR THE BAN DOES NOT EXPLAIN WHY IMAGES SUPERIMPOSED
ON THE UNITED STATES FLAG ARE OFFENSIVE;
15. THE REASON GIVEN FOR THE BAN APPLIES ONLY TO A PART OF THE GROUP OF
MANUFACTURERS WHOSE FLAGS ARE INCLUDED IN THE BAN, BUT NECESSARILY TO ALL
16. THE REASONING IS CONCLUSIVE, THAT IS, THE CONCLUSION CANNOT BE FALSE IF
THE STATEMENTS OFFERED IN ITS SUPPORT ARE TRUE;
17. THE REASONING IS STRONG BUT NOT CONCLUSIVE, IF THE STATEMENTS OFFERED
IN SUPPORT OF THE CONCLUSION ARE TRUE, THEY PROVIDE GOOD GROUNDS FOR THAT
CONCLUSION, THOUGH IT IS POSSIBLE THAT ADDITIONAL INFORMATION MIGHT WEAKEN
THE ARGUMENT.
18. THE REASONING IS WEAKEN, THE STATEMENTS OFFERED IN SUPPORT OF THE
CONCLUSION, THOUGH RELEVANT TO IT , BY THEMSELVES PROVIDE AT BEST
INADEQUATE GROUNDS FOR THE CONCLUSION.
19. THE REASONING IS FLAWED IN THAT THE CONCLUSION NO MORE THAN A
PARAPHRASE OF ONE OF THE PIECES OF EVIDENCE OFFERED IN ITS SUPPORT.
20. THE REASONING IS FLAWED IN THAT THE ARGUMENT TREATS EVIDENCE THAT A
FACTOR IS NECESSARY TO BRING ABOUT AN EVENTS AS IF IT WERE EVIDENCE THAT
THE FACTOR IS SUFFICIENT TO BRING ABOUT THAT EVENT.
21. IT PROCEEDS AS IF A CONDITION, WHICH BY ITSELF IS ENOUGH TO GUARANTEE A
CERTAIN RESULT , IS THE ONLY CONDITION UNDER WHICH THAT RESULT WOULD OCCUR
22. IT BASES A CONCLUSION THAT IS KNOWN TO REQUIRE TWO CONDITIONS ON
EVIDENCE THAT BEARS ON ONLY ONE OF THOSE CONDITIONS
23. IT EXPLAINS ONE VENT AS BEING CAUSED BY ANOTHER EVENT, EVEN THOUGH BOTH
EVENTS MUST ACTUALLY HAVE BEEN CAUSED BY SOME THIRD, UNIDENTIFIED EVENT
24. IT TREATS EVIDENCE FOR THE ABSENCE OF ONE CONDITION UNDER WHICH A
CIRCUMSTANCE WOULD OCCUR AS CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE THAT THAT CIRCUMSTANCE WILL
NOT OCCUR
25. EVIDENCE GIVEN TO SUPPORT THE CONCLUSION ACTUALLY UNDERMINES IT.
