因果类：RESULT IN, RESULT FROM, THEREFORE, AS A RESULT
转折类：EVEN THOUGH, HOWEVER, OTHERWISE
其他类：AS WE ALL KNOW....
A GREAT DEAL OF EMPHATIC EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT....
IT DOESN'T FOLLOW THAT...
THE FACT TELLS VERY LITTLE ABOUT...
ANOTHER ASSUMPTION SHORT OF LEGITIMACY IS THAT....
模板之8大逻辑错误
以下只是我在写作中常用的几个模板，仅供参考。
1. A BASELESS SURVEY/STUDY
THE VALIDITY OF THE SURVEY IS OPEN TO DOUBT.
THE SURVEY LACKS REPRESENTATIVENESS...
THERE IS NO SPECIFIC INFORMATION ABOUT THE SURVEY...
WITHOUT KNOWING HOW THE SURVEY WAS DONE, HOW IT REPRESENTS THE PUBLIC
OPINION.
WHO CONDUCTED THE SURVEY? WHO RESPONDED? HOW THE POOL WAS CONDUCTED?
THE OPINION LACKS REPRESENTATIVENSS OF OVERALL ATTITUDES BASED ON WHICH WE
CAN MAKE ANY GENERAL JUDGEMENT ABOUT THE CONCLUSION....
IN ABSENCE OF SPECIFIC INFORMATION ABOUT THE SURVEY, IT’S IMPOSSIBLE FOR
US TO EVALUATE THE ARGUMENT.
2. OVERSIMPLIFICATION
THE ARGUER COMMITS A FALLACY OF OVERSIMPLIFICATION.
THERE ARE SEVERAL MAJOR FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO THE XXX OTHER THAN YYY, SUCH
AS/FOR INSTANCE ZZZ, ALL OF WHICH ARE IGNORED BY THE ARGUER.
AS WE KNOW, XXX DEPENDS ON MANY FACTORS, SUCH AS ZZZ, WHICH ARE UNKNOWN
FROM THE ARGUMENT. THE ARGUER FAILS TO ESTABLISH A CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN XXX AND YYY.
FOR EXAMPLE, YYY MAY ALSO HELP EXPLAIN XXX.
FACTORS SUCH AS AA AND BB BOTH HAVE SOME BEARING ON XXX.
ACTUALLY, THE RECOMMENDATION THAT YYY AS THE ONLY WAY TO XXX MOST LIKELY
TURNS OUT TO BE INEFFECTIVE AND SOMEWHAT MISLEADING.
3. A FALSE ANALOGY
THE ARGUMENT IS BASED ON A FALSE ANALOGY.
EVEN THOUGH THERE ARE SOME POINTS OF COMPARISON BETWEEN XXX AND YYY, THERE
ARE DISSIMILARITIES AS WELL.
BUT THE PROBLEM IS THAT THE TWO SITUATIONS ARE NOT SIMILAR ENOUGH TO
JUSTIFY THE ANALOGICAL DEDUCTION.
AS WE KNOW, THE STRUCTURE, SYSTEM AND OPERATION ARE CONSPICUOUSLY
DIFFERENT.
IT'S AN INCOMPLETE AND SELECTIVE COMPARISON.
EVEN THOUGH XXX IS PROVED EFFECTIVE IN YYY, THERE IS NO GUARANTEE THAT IT
WILL JUST WORK AS WELL IN ZZZ.
4. A GRATUITOUS ASSUMPTION
THE ARGUMENT IS BASED ON A GRATUITOUS ASSUMPTION THAT ####, WHICH IS OF
COURSE UNWARRANTED.
THE ARGUER FAILS TO CONVINCE US THAT....
5. A FALSE DILEMMA
THE ARGUER UNFAIRLY ASSUMES THAT WE MUST MAKE AN EITHER/OR CHOICE BETWEEN
XXX AND YYY.
XXX AND YYY ARE NOT NECESSARILY MUTUALLY-EXCLUSIVE ALTERNATIVES.
ADJUSTING XXX AND YYY TOGETHER MIGHT PRODUCE A BETTER RESULT.
6. A HASTY GENERALIZATION
WE ARE INFORMED THAT XXX, BUT WE DO NOT KNOW WHETHER ALL OF #### PREFER
####.
WE CAN BELIEVE THAT XXX IS INDEED ####, BUT BASED ON THIS SLIM INFORMATION
WE CAN NEVER EVALUATE THE OVERALL PERFORMANCE OF YYY.
7. A FALLACY OF "AFTER THIS, THEREFORE, BECAUSE OF THIS"
THE ARGUER UNFAIRLY ASSUMES THAT XXX CAUSED YYY, SINCE MANY OTHER REASONS
MAY EXPLAIN THAT ####.
UNLESS OTHER POSSIBILITIES HAVE BE CONSIDERED AND RULED OUT, THE CONCLUSION
IS INCONVINCIBLE.
8. ALL THINGS ARE EQUAL.
THE ARGUER COMMITS A FALLACY OF "ALL THINGS ARE EQUAL".
THE ARGUER ASSUMES WITHOUT JUSTIFICATION THAT THE BACKGROUND CONDITIONS
HAVE REMAINED THE SAME AT DIFFERENT TIME AND DIFFERENT PLACES.
文章结构
IN THIS ARGUMENT, THE ARGUER RECOMMENDS THAT ####, TO SUPPORT THIS
CONCLUSION THE ARGUER CITES THE RESULT OF A RESENT SURVEY THAT ####,
MOREOVER, THE ARGUER POINTS OUT THAT ####. AS IT STANDS THE ARGUMENT
SUFFERS FROM SEVERAL CRITICAL FLAWS AS FOLLOWS.
FIRST OF ALL, THE ARGUER COMMITS A FALLACY OF ####.
IN ADDITION, THE VALIDITY OF THE SURVEY IS OPEN TO DOUBT ####.
FINALLY, THE ARGUMENT IS BASED ON A GRATUITOUS ASSUMPTION THAT ####. TO SUM
UP, THE CONCLUSION REACHED IN THE ARGUMENT LACKS CREDIBILITY SINCE THE
EVIDENCE CITED IN THE ANALYSIS DOES NOT LEND STRONG SUPPORT TO WHAT THE
ARGUER CLAIMS. TO MAKE THE ARGUMENT MORE CONVINCING, THE ARGUER SHOULD
PROVIDE MORE INFORMATION CONCERNING ####, TO BETTER EVALUATE THE ARGUMENT,
WE NEED MORE CONCRETE EVIDENCE THAT ####, OTHERWISE THE ARGUMENT IS
LOGICALLY UNACCEPTABLE.
