HOMER
GREEK EPIC POET. TWO OF THE GREATEST WORKS IN WESTERN LITERATURE, THE ILIAD
AND THE ODYSSEY, ARE ATTRIBUTED TO HIM.
荷马希腊肥髡叽醋髁宋鞣轿难Ё钗按蟮牧讲孔髌?NBSP伊利亚特和 奥德赛
ARISTOTLE
GREEK PHILOSOPHER. A PUPIL OF PLATO, THE TUTOR OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT, AND
THE AUTHOR OF WORKS ON LOGIC, METAPHYSICS, ETHICS, NATURAL SCIENCES,
POLITICS, AND POETICS, HE PROFOUNDLY INFLUENCED WESTERN THOUGHT. IN HIS
PHILOSOPHICAL SYSTEM THEORY FOLLOWS EMPIRICAL OBSERVATION AND LOGIC, BASED
ON THE SYLLOGISM, IS THE ESSENTIAL METHOD OF RATIONAL INQUIRY.
亚里士多德希腊哲学家。柏拉图的学生，亚历山大大帝的教师，他的著述论及逻辑学，形而
上学，伦理学，自然科学，政治学和诗学，对西方思想产生了深远影响，在其哲学体系里，
理论服从实地观察和逻辑，以三段论为基础，基本上是理性研究的理论方法
ARCHIMEDES
GREEK MATHEMATICIAN, ENGINEER, AND PHYSICIST. AMONG THE MOST IMPORTANT
INTELLECTUAL FIGURES OF ANTIQUITY, HE DISCOVERED FORMULAS FOR THE AREA AND
VOLUME OF VARIOUS GEOMETRIC FIGURES, APPLIED GEOMETRY TO HYDROSTATICS AND
MECHANICS, DEVISED NUMEROUS INGENIOUS MECHANISMS, SUCH AS THE ARCHIMEDEAN
SCREW, AND DISCOVERED THE PRINCIPLE OF BUOYANCY.
阿基米德希腊数学家、工程师及物理学家。作为古代最重要的智慧人物之一，他发现了不同
几何形体的面积和体积公式，将几何学应用于流体静力学和机械学，设计了许多灵巧装置，
如阿基米德螺旋泵，并发现了浮力定理
DANTE
《神曲》 (DIVINE COMEDY)作者
JOAN OF ARC
FRENCH MILITARY LEADER AND HEROINE. INSPIRED AND DIRECTED BY RELIGIOUS
VISIONS, SHE ORGANIZED THE FRENCH RESISTANCE THAT FORCED THE ENGLISH TO END
THEIR SIEGE OF ORL?NS (1429). THE SAME YEAR SHE LED AN ARMY OF 12,000 TO
RHEIMS AND HAD THE DAUPHIN CROWNED CHARLES VII. CAPTURED AND SOLD TO THE
ENGLISH BY THE BURGUNDIANS (1430), SHE WAS LATER TRIED FOR HERESY AND
SORCERY AND WAS BURNED AT THE STAKE IN ROUEN. SHE WAS CANONIZED IN 1920.
圣女贞德法国军事领袖、女英雄。受其宗教幻像的激励和指引，她组织了法国的抵抗运动并
于1429年迫使英军结束对奥尔良的围困。同年，她率领一支12,000人的军队进军到兰斯，并
将王太子加冕为查尔斯七世。1430年被勃艮第人俘虏并出卖给英军，后来被控异端邪说及巫
术而受到审判并在鲁昂被烧死在火刑柱上。1920年她被封为圣徒
COLUMBUS
COLUMBUS DAY (=DISCOVERY DAY)
[美]哥伦布发现美洲纪念日（10月12日）
COPERNICUS
POLISH ASTRONOMER WHO ADVANCED THE THEORY THAT THE EARTH AND OTHER PLANETS
REVOLVE AROUND THE SUN, DISRUPTING THE PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM OF ASTRONOMY.
哥白尼，尼科劳斯1473-1543波兰天文学家，他提出地球及其它行星绕太阳运动的日心说，推
翻了托勒密的天文学理论即地心体系
EINSTEIN ALBERT 1879--1955
GERMAN-BORN AMERICAN THEORETICAL PHYSICIST WHOSE SPECIAL AND GENERAL
THEORIES OF RELATIVITY REVOLUTIONIZED MODERN THOUGHT ON THE NATURE OF SPACE
AND TIME AND FORMED A THEORETICAL BASE FOR THE EXPLOITATION OF ATOMIC
ENERGY. HE WON A 1921 NOBEL PRIZE FOR HIS EXPLANATION OF THE PHOTOELECTRIC
EFFECT.
爱因斯坦，阿尔贝特1879-1955德裔美国理论物理学家，他创立的狭义和广义相对论使现代关
于时间和时间性质的想法发生突破性进展并给原子能的利用提供了理论基础。 因其对光电效
应的解释获1921年诺贝尔奖
EDISON, THOMAS ALVA1847-1931
AMERICAN INVENTOR WHO PATENTED MORE THAN A THOUSAND INVENTIONS, AMONG THEM
THE MICROPHONE (1877), THE PHONOGRAPH (1878), AND AN INCANDESCENT LAMP
(1879). IN NEW YORK CITY HE INSTALLED THE WORLD'S FIRST CENTRAL ELECTRIC
POWER PLANT (1881-1882).
爱迪生，托马斯·阿尔瓦1847-1931美国发明家，有一千多项发明专利权，其中包括麦克风
(1877年）、留声机(1878年），和白炽灯(1879年）。他在纽约市建成了世界上第一家中心
发电厂(1881-1882年）
GAUSS,
KARL FRIEDRICH1777-1855
GERMAN MATHEMATICIAN AND ASTRONOMER KNOWN FOR HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO ALGEBRA,
DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY, PROBABILITY THEORY, AND NUMBER THEORY.
高斯，卡尔·弗雷德里希1777-1855德国数学家和天文学家，因其对代数、微积分几何、或然
率理论和数字理论的贡献而为人称道
SHAKESPEARE WILLIAM1564-1616
ENGLISH PLAYWRIGHT AND POET WHOSE BODY OF WORKS IS CONSIDERED THE GREATEST
IN ENGLISH LITERATURE. HIS PLAYS, MANY OF WHICH WERE PERFORMED AT THE GLOBE
THEATRE IN LONDON, INCLUDE HISTORICAL WORKS, SUCH AS RICHARD II, COMEDIES,
INCLUDING MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING AND AS YOU LIKE IT, AND TRAGEDIES, SUCH AS
HAMLET, OTHELLO, AND KING LEAR. HE ALSO COMPOSED 154 SONNETS. THE EARLIEST
COLLECTED EDITION OF HIS PLAYS, THE FIRST FOLIO, CONTAINED 36 PLAYS AND WAS
PUBLISHED POSTHUMOUSLY (1623).
莎士比亚，威廉1564-1616英国戏剧家和诗人，他的作品被认为是英语文学作品中最伟大的戏
剧，其中大多在伦敦的全球戏院演出过，包括历史作品，例如 理查德二世；喜剧包括 无事
生非和 皆大欢喜；悲剧包括 哈姆雷特、 奥赛罗和 李尔王。他还作过154首十四行诗。他最
早的戏剧集子，第一对开本，包含了36个戏剧，并在他死后出版(1623年）
WASHINGTON , GEORGE1732-1799
NONE
AMERICAN MILITARY LEADER AND THE FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES (1789-
1797). COMMANDER OF THE AMERICAN FORCES IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR (1775-
1783), HE PRESIDED OVER THE SECOND CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION (1787) AND WAS
ELECTED PRESIDENT OF THE FLEDGLING COUNTRY (1789). HE SHUNNED PARTISAN
POLITICS AND IN HIS FAREWELL ADDRESS (1796) WARNED AGAINST FOREIGN
INVOLVEMENT.
LINCOLN, ABRAHAM1809-1865
NONE
THE 16TH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES (1861-1865), WHO LED THE UNION
DURING THE CIVIL WAR AND EMANCIPATED SLAVES IN THE SOUTH (1863). HE WAS
ASSASSINATED SHORTLY AFTER THE END OF THE WAR BY JOHN WILKES BOOTH.
ROOSEVELT,, FRANKLIN DELANO1882-1945
NONE
THE 32ND PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES (1933-1945). GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK
(1929-1932), HE RAN FOR PRESIDENT WITH THE PROMISE OF A NEW DEAL FOR THE
AMERICAN PEOPLE. HIS ADMINISTRATION WAS MARKED BY RELIEF PROGRAMS, MEASURES
TO INCREASE EMPLOYMENT AND ASSIST INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL RECOVERY FROM
THE DEPRESSION, AND WORLD WAR II. HE WAS THE ONLY U.S. PRESIDENT TO BE
REELECTED THREE TIMES (1936, 1940, AND 1944). HE DIED IN OFFICE.
CHURCHILL ,SIR WINSTON LEONARD SPENSER1874-1965
NONE
BRITISH POLITICIAN AND WRITER. AS PRIME MINISTER (1940-1945 AND 1951-1955)
HE LED GREAT BRITAIN THROUGH WORLD WAR II. CHURCHILL PUBLISHED SEVERAL
WORKS, INCLUDING THE SECOND WORLD WAR (1948-1953), AND WON THE 1953 NOBEL
PRIZE FOR LITERATURE.
STALIN
JOSEPHORIGINALLY IOSIF VISSARIONOVICH DZHUGASHVILI.1879-1953
NONE
SOVIET POLITICIAN. THE SUCCESSOR OF LENIN, HE WAS GENERAL SECRETARY OF THE
COMMUNIST PARTY (1922-1953) AND PREMIER (1941-1953) OF THE U.S.S.R. HIS
RULE WAS MARKED BY THE EXILE OF TROTSKY (1929), A PURGE OF THE GOVERNMENT
AND MILITARY, THE FORCED COLLECTIVIZATION OF AGRICULTURE, A POLICY OF
INDUSTRIALIZATION, AND A VICTORIOUS BUT DEVASTATING ROLE FOR THE SOVIETS IN
WORLD WAR II.
斯大林，约瑟夫1879-1953苏联政治家列宁的继承人，曾担任苏联共产党的总书记(1922-
1953年），苏联总理(1941-1953年），其统治以驱逐托洛茨基(1929年）、肃清政府和军
队、强迫农业集体化、工业化政策为特点，他在苏联第二次世界大战期间扮演了一个虽取得
胜利却造成破坏的角色
LENIN
VLADIMIR ILICHKNOWN AS LENIN.?870-1924
RUSSIAN FOUNDER OF THE BOLSHEVIKS, LEADER OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (1917),
AND FIRST HEAD OF THE U.S.S.R. (1917-1924). AS A COMMUNIST THEORETICIAN
LENIN HELD THAT WORKERS COULD NOT DEVELOP A REVOLUTIONARY CONSCIOUSNESS
WITHOUT THE GUIDANCE OF A VANGUARD PARTY AND THAT IMPERIALISM WAS A
PARTICULAR STAGE OF CAPITALIST DEVELOPMENT.
列宁，弗拉基米尔·伊里奇1870-1924苏联布尔什维克的缔造者，俄国十月革命(1917年）的
领导者，是前苏联的第一任领导人(1917-1924年）。作为一名共产主义的理论家，列宁认
为：没有先驱政党的指导，工人就不能发展革命意识；帝国主义是资本主义发展过程中的一
个特殊阶段
MARX, KARL1818-1883
NONE
GERMAN PHILOSOPHER, ECONOMIST, AND REVOLUTIONARY. WITH THE HELP AND SUPPORT
OF FRIEDRICH ENGELS HE WROTE THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO (1848) AND DAS KAPITAL
(1867-1894). THESE WORKS EXPLAIN HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IN TERMS OF THE
INTERACTION OF CONTRADICTORY ECONOMIC FORCES, FORM THE BASIS OF ALL
COMMUNIST THEORY, AND HAVE HAD A PROFOUND INFLUENCE ON THE SOCIAL SCIENCES.
马克思，卡尔1818-1883德国哲学家、经济学家、革命者。在弗雷德里奇·恩格斯的支持和帮
助下，完成著作 共产党宣言(1848年）和 资本论(1867-1894年）。这些著作从对立的经济
力量相互作用、相互影响的角度阐述了历史的进步与发展，成为社会主义的理论基础，在社
会科学的许多方面产生深远的影响
