:)
一．观点已然论述清晰，支持它所引用的细节内容可以略读
例1． P5 短第一段
BY THE TIME THE AMERICAN COLONISTS TOOK UP ARMS AGAINST GREAT BRITAIN IN
ORDER TO SECURE THEIR INDEPENDENCE, THE INSTITUTION OF BLACK SLAVERY WAS
DEEPLY ENTRENCHED. BUT THE CONTRADICTION INHERENT IN THIS SITUATION WAS,
FOR MANY, A SOURCE OF CONSTANT EMBARRASSMENT. "IT ALWAYS APPEARED A MOST
INIQUITOUS SCHEME TO ME," ABIGAIL ADAMS WROTE HER HUSBAND IN 1774, "TO
FIGHT OURSELVES FOR WHAT WE ARE DAILY ROBBING AND PLUNDERING FROM THOSE WHO
HAVE AS GOOD A RIGHT TO FREEDOM AS WE HAVE."
例2． P236短第一段(国内)
ANALYZING THE PHYSICS OF DANCE CAN ADD FUNDAMENTALLY TO A DANCER'S SKILL.
ALTHOUGH DANCERS SELDOM SEE THEMSELVES TOTALLY IN PHYSICAL TERMS-AS BODY
MASS MOVING THROUGH SPACE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF WELL-KNOWN FORCES AND
OBEYING PHYSICAL LAWS-NEITHER CAN THEY AFFORD TO IGNORE THE PHYSICS OF
MOVEMENT. FOR EXAMPLE, NO MATTER HOW MUCH A DANCER WISHES TO LEAP OFF THE
FLOOR AND THEN START TURNING, THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM
ABSOLUTELY PREVENTS SUCH A MOVEMENT.
二．一定要关注HOWEVER，BUT，那才是作者真正想要说的
例2．P24长第一段
THE EVOLUTION OF INTELLIGENCE AMONG EARLY LARGE MAMMALS OF THE GRASSLANDS
WAS DUE IN GREAT MEASURE TO THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO ECOLOGICALLY
SYNCHRONIZED GROUPS OF THESE ANIMALS, THE HUNTING CARNIVORES AND THE
HERBIVORES THAT THEY HUNTED. THE INTERACTION RESULTING FROM THE DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN PREDATOR AND PREY LED TO A GENERAL IMPROVEMENT IN BRAIN FUNCTIONS;
HOWEVER, CERTAIN COMPONENTS OF INTELLIGENCE WERE IMPROVED FAR MORE THAN
OTHERS.
例3．P33长第一段
"I WANT TO CRITICIZE THE SOCIAL SYSTEM, AND TO SHOW IT AT WORK, AT ITS MOST
INTENSE." VIRGINIA WOOLF'S PROVOCATIVE STATEMENT ABOUT HER INTENTIONS IN
WRITING MRS. DALLOWAY HAS REGULARLY BEEN IGNORED BY THE CRITICS, SINCE IT
HIGHLIGHTS AN ASPECT OF HER LITERARY INTERESTS VERY DIFFERENT FROM THE
TRADITIONAL PICTURE OF THE "POETIC" NOVELIST CONCERNED WITH EXAMINING
STATES OF REVERIE AND VISION AND WITH FOLLOWING THE INTRICATE PATHWAYS OF
INDIVIDUAL CONSCIOUSNESS. BUT VIRGINIA WOOLF WAS A REALISTIC AS WELL AS A
POETIC NOVELIST, A SATIRIST AND SOCIAL CRITIC AS WELL AS A VISIONARY:
LITERARY CRITICS' CAVALIER DISMISSAL OF WOOLF'S SOCIAL VISION WILL NOT
WITHSTAND SCRUTINY.
三．旧观点的例子，论证略读
例4：P44长第一段
IT HAS LONG BEEN KNOWN THAT THE RATE OF OXIDATIVE METABOLISM (THE PROCESS
THAT USES OXYGEN TO CONVERT FOOD INTO ENERGY) IN ANY ANIMAL HAS A PROFOUND
EFFECT ON ITS LIVING PATTERNS. THE HIGH METABOLIC RATE OF SMALL ANIMALS,
FOR EXAMPLE, GIVES THEM SUSTAINED POWER AND ACTIVITY PER UNIT OF WEIGHT,
BUT AT THE COST OF REQUIRING CONSTANT CONSUMPTION OF FOOD AND WATER. VERY
LARGE ANIMALS, WITH THEIR RELATIVELY LOW METABOLIC RATES, CAN SURVIVE WELL
ON A SPORADIC FOOD SUPPLY, BUT CAN GENERATE LITTLE METABOLIC ENERGY PER
GRAM OF BODY WEIGHT. IF ONLY OXIDATIVE METABOLIC RATE IS CONSIDERED,
THEREFORE, ONE MIGHT ASSUME THAT SMALLER, MORE ACTIVE, ANIMALS COULD PREY
ON LARGER ONES, AT LEAST IF THEY ATTACKED IN GROUPS. PERHAPS THEY COULD IF
IT WERE NOT FOR ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS, THE GREAT EQUALIZER.
四．已知作者观点以后，剩下的内容当第二段来读
例5：P67长第一段
EXTRAORDINARY CREATIVE ACTIVITY HAS BEEN CHARACTERIZED AS REVOLUTIONARY,
FLYING IN THE FACE OF WHAT IS ESTABLISHED AND PRODUCING NOT WHAT IS
ACCEPTABLE BUT WHAT WILL BECOME ACCEPTED. ACCORDING TO THIS FORMULATION,
HIGHLY CREATIVE ACTIVITY TRANSCENDS THE LIMITS OF AN EXISTING FORM AND
ESTABLISHES A NEW PRINCIPLE OF ORGANIZATION. HOWEVER, THE IDEA THAT
EXTRAORDINARY CREATIVITY TRANSCENDS ESTABLISHED LIMITS IN MISLEADING WHEN
IT IS APPLIED TO THE ARTS, EVEN THOUGH IT MAY BE VALID FOR THE SCIENCES.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HIGHLY CREATIVE ART AND HIGHLY CREATIVE SCIENCE ARISE
IN PART FROM A DIFFERENCE IN THEIR GOALS. FOR THE SCIENCES, A NEW THEORY IS
THE GOAL AND END RESULT OF THE CREATIVE ACT. INNOVATIVE SCIENCE PRODUCES
NEW PROPOSITIONS IN TERMS OF WHICH DIVERSE PHENOMENA CAN BE RELATED TO ONE
ANOTHER IN MORE COHERENT WAYS. SUCH PHENOMENA AS A BRILLIANT DIAMOND OR A
NESTING BIRD ARE RELEGATED TO THE ROLE OF DATA, SERVING AS THE MEANS FOR
FORMULATING OR TESTING A NEW THEORY. THE GOAL OF HIGHLY CREATIVE ART IS
VERY DIFFERENT: THE PHENOMENON ITSELF BECOMES THE DIRECT PRODUCT OF THE
CREATIVE ACT. SHAKESPEARE'S HAMLET IS NOT A TRACT ABOUT THE BEHAVIOR OF
INDECISIVE PRINCES OR THE USES OF POLITICAL POWER; NOR IS PICASSO'S
PAINTING GUERNICA PRIMARILY A PROPOSITIONAL STATEMENT ABOUT THE SPANISH
CIVIL WAR OR THE EVILS OF FASCISM. WHAT HIGHLY CREATIVE ARTISTIC ACTIVITY
PRODUCES IS NOT A NEW GENERALIZATION THAT TRANSCENDS ESTABLISHED LIMITS,
BUT RATHER AN AESTHETIC PARTICULAR. AESTHETIC PARTICULARS PRODUCED BY THE
HIGHLY CREATIVE ARTIST EXTEND OR EXPLOIT, IN AN INNOVATIVE WAY, THE LIMITS
OF AN EXISTING FORM, RATHER THAN TRANSCEND THAT FORM.
五.首句给出了观点句,二句的让步不用特别关注,也一定是对首句的进一讲? 例6: P236短L1-6(国内)
ANALYZING THE PHYSICS OF DANCE CAN ADD FUNDAMENTALLY TO A DANCER'S SKILL.
ALTHOUGH DANCERS SELDOM SEE THEMSELVES TOTALLY IN PHYSICAL TERMS-AS BODY
MASS MOVING THROUGH SPACE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF WELL-KNOWN FORCES AND
OBEYING PHYSICAL LAWS-NEITHER CAN THEY AFFORD TO IGNORE THE PHYSICS OF
MOVEMENT.
