外语频道
   
管卫东分析推理(组题)讲义
http://www.yuloo.com  2002-12-26 16:22  太傻网

我在逻辑方面的入门书是钱永强老师的那本书,看完了前几部分部分后对分析推理有了一个全面的了解,但对那些有点难度的题目却经常感觉自己缺乏一种洞察力,也就是不知其重点考察哪个条件,矛盾将以何种形式出现在哪里。造成的后果就是作题速度慢, 一开始想多作些题、多总结总结就可以解决这个问题,但作了很多题之后虽有改善却并不显著。
这时我正好得到了一张管卫东老师的讲课录音,花了几十个小时仔细聆听之后,有顿开茅塞之感,接着作了大量练习,终感水平有了质的提高。现我已顺利完成了考试,管老师的一套方法在实践中得到了很好的验证,为使其造福于更多的G友,特将我所做的听课笔记贡献出来。由于录音效果时好时坏,有些地方记录得大概不是很确切,不过总体上应该没什么大问题。
另外要说的就是在管老师的分析方法里,两个根本点是“数目”和“固定”,在对具体题型,分组和排列,的讲解中,也主要是将两个根本点具体化。大家在作题中应仔细体会,最后达到以不变应万变的状态。
最后向管卫东老师致以诚挚的谢意!

一、问题分类与相应的解决方法
组题中的问题大致可分为3类:
1. 问题中有附加条件;
2. 问题中没有附加条件,但有明确的指向。例如某元素不能放在什么位置,某位置不
能放何种颜色/形状的元素等。
3. 问题中什么都没给,直接就问下面哪一个是coule be或must be.

第一类问题的解法

先看题干所给的直接条件,再看间接条件,若前两种条件都没有,则要转换对条件的理
解方式(角度)。

直接条件:题干中给出的比较明确条件,如:某元素在某些位置,某位置放某些元素,
若什么则什么等。

间接限制(条件):
a 数目限制;比如分组时每组的元素数。第一组要放三个元素,现已放两个,那么必须
合在一起放的元素就不能放在第一组了。
b 隐式条件,或曰总体条件,它并不特指某个元素,但对全体或多个元素都有约束作
用。

转换题目中所给条件的理解方式,例如5个元素排9个位置,现A放1、3,B放5、7,问什
么必然成立?而条件中没有与元素A、B或位置1、3、
5、7相关的,似让人感觉无从下手,但我们可以改变条件的理解方式,对上述条件的理
解可以改变为9个位置只剩下两个连续的位置(8、9),
若题干中有某两个元素应连续出现的条件,则题目就可获得突破。


第二类问题

从下面的例子体会如何通过问题的指向解题。

例一:

A gardener has to plant exactly four varieties of flowers in a flower bed,
one
variety in each of four rows in an ascending order of height from the first
row
to the fourth row. The seven varieties available to the gardener are, in
ascending order of height, red begonias, pink petunias, orange marigolds,
red
geraniums, white snapdragons, yellow zinnias, and pink cosmos. The
following
restrictions on color arrangements apply:
 
 No two varieties of the same color can be planted.
 Orange flowers cannot be planted in a row immediately adjacent to a row
of
  yellow flowers.


Flowers of which of the following colors CANNOT be planted in the third
row?
Orange
Pink
Red
White
Yellow


例二:

Exactly seven people—Q, R, S, T, X, Y, and Z—serve on an advisory board.
Q, R, S, and T have been elected to the board, and X, Y, and Z have been
appointed to the board. Three-person or four-person panels are sometimes
drawn from the board to study proposals. Each panel must include at least
one
elected and at least one appointed board member, but no panel can consist
of
equal numbers of elected and appointed members. Each panel is chaired by a
person who is a member of the group of board members (elected or appointed)
whose representatives are in the minority on that panel. Any panel must
also
conFORM to the following conditions:
 
If Q serves on a panel, T cannot serve on that panel.
 If R serves on a panel, X cannot serve on that panel.
 T and Y cannot serve on a panel unless they serve together.
 If Z serves on a panel, X must also serve on that panel.

Each of the following could chair a panel EXCEPT
S
T
X
Y
Z


第三类问题:

解第3类问题的步骤:(问题中什么都没给,直接就问下面哪一个是coule be,can
not be或must be)
1. 迅速看一眼选项,知道选项针对的是什么性质;
2. 看涉及此种性质的条件。问题若是coule be,则找最不固定化的元素;若是can
not be或must be,则找最固定化的元素。固定化条件
优先看;
3. 找涉及此元素的选项;
4. 对选项加以验证。(若时间紧,也可以不验证)

若选项未提供有用信息,则立刻从数目和隐式条件着手。

例:
Six musicians—Ann, Betsy, Gordon, Juan, Marian, and Ted—are planning to
 perFORM a program consisting entirely of three quartets. Each quartet
requires
 two violins, one cello, and a piano.
Each person must play in at least one quartet, and each person can play, at
 most, one instrument in a quartet. No person can play the same type of
instrument
 (violin, cello, or piano) in two successive quartets.
 Ann plays violin only and must play in the first quartet.
 Betsy plays violin or piano.
 Gordon plays violin or cello.
 Juan plays cello only.
 Marian plays violin or piano.
 Ted plays piano only.

Unavailability of which of the following musicians would still permit
scheduling the five remaining players so that the proposed program could be
perFORMed?
Betsy
Gordon
Juan
Marian
Ted

分析:从题目和选项中都得不到有用信息,那我们立刻从数目和隐式条件着手。题干对
数目的规定为:
Each quartet requires two violins, one cello, and a piano.
提干的隐式条件为:
Each person must play in at least one quartet, and each person can play, at
 most, one instrument in a quartet. No person can play the same type of
instrument
 (violin, cello, or piano) in two successive quartets.
由隐式条件和数目限制我们可以得到,至少需要4个violin, 2个cello和2个piano才能
完成3轮4重奏。以此条件去看谁能被去掉。


隐式条件的理解

隐式条件可以分两类,一种只需换一种角度(对题目产生限制的角度)去理解就行了;
另一种则需要和显式条件合起来推出点东西。

A certain dance involves three couples: L1 and P1, L2 and P2, L3 and P3.
Each
couple consists of a leader (the L’s) and a partner (the P’s). The dance
begins
with the following original configuration:
   The L’s are in a line: L1 L2 L3
   The P’s are facing their Respective L’s P1 P2 P3
The dance consists of any one of a variety of sequences of moves. The four
possible moves—two of them exchanges and two of them findings—are listed
below. No dances except those listed in a move description change position
during that move.
 Exchanges:
 There is an immediate exchange (IE), in which L1 takes whatever place L2
   currently occupies; L2 takes whatever place L3currently occupies; L3
   takes whatever place L1 currently occupies.
 There is a remote exchange (RE), in which L1 and L3 exchange their
current places.
 Findings:
 There is "find your leader" (FL), in which P’s move so as to be opposite
   to the L’s they faced at the beginning of the dance.
 There is "find your partner" (FP), in which L’s move so as to be
opposite
   to the P’s they faced at the beginning of the dance.
 Two consecutive exchanges cannot be immediately followed by a third
exchange.
 If, in a configuration, each leader faces his or her original partner,
the next
  move cannot be a finding.

最后一个条件应理解/转换为第一次变换不能是Finding,而且Finding不能连续出现。


Yorkton’s city council has six members. Three members—Ford. Gonzalez
and Isaacson—represent northern Yorkton, and three members—Kramer, Lee,
and Marek—represent southern Yorkton. All six will serve as members of
the council for the year beginning January first. The president of the
council is selected from among the members of the city council to serve
a one-month term, beginning the first of each month, according to the
following conditions:
 
 The presidency must alternate between the members from northern
   Yorkton and the members from southern Yorkton.
 Only one member can serve as president at a time.
 No one serving a term as president can serve another term until every
other
  council member has served as president in the interim.
 A member representing northern Yorkton will be president in January.

第三个条件理解为前半年与后半年的president次序安排一样。


隐式条件的推导:

通常需要把隐式条件和数目结合起来,看隐式条件到底限制了哪些元素,这些元素还有
没有其他限制条件。若这些元素没有其他限制
条件,则放弃推导,立刻开始作题。如果这些元素还有其他限制条件且涉及到数目的
话,则推出点东西的可能性极大。推导应以推出相对
固定的结果为止。

The manager of a repertory theater company is planning a schedule of
productions for the company’s five-week summer festival. Two different
plays will be scheduled for each of the five weeks. The ten plays that will
be scheduled are four plays by playwright R, two plays by playwright S,
two play by playwright T, one play by playwright U, and one play by
playwright V. The scheduling is subject to the following restrictions:
 No two plays by the same playwright will be scheduled for any of the
  five weeks, except for week 3, for which two plays by playwright R
  will be scheduled.
 The play by playwright V will be scheduled for week 5.
 No play by playwright S will be scheduled for the same week as any
  play by playwright R.

分析:第一个条件为隐式条件,先看他限制谁?很明显是R,S,T。再看有没有其他条
件对这几个元素加以限制。我们看到条件3对S和R进行
了限制,那么我们继续对S和R进行分析,T就不用管了。在1,2,4,5这四周里要安排2
个S和2个R,且S和R不能在同一周,S,R本身也
不能在同一周,那么只能是每周排一个S或R。至此隐式条件的推导完成。


A student is planning his class schedule for the fall and spring semesters.
He must take exactly three courses each semester. By the end of the spring
semester, the student must complete at least three courses in Area F, at
least
one course in Area G, and at least one course in Area H. The only courses
available to the student are:
 
    Area F: F102, F201, F202, F203
    Area G: G101, G102, G103, G201
    Area H: H101, H102, H202
The selection of courses is subject to the following restrictions:
  A student can take no more than two courses with the same letter
   designation per semester.
  Courses with a number designation in the 200’s are offered only
   in the spring semester; courses with a number designation in the
   100’s are offered in both the fall and spring semesters.
  No course taken in the fall semester can be repeated in the spring
semester.


二、分组题

部分分组(从给出的元素中选出一部分进行分组):
4个原则:(根本原则就是要把条件从数字的角度加以理解)
1. 首先想到需要扔掉几个;
2. 若箭头两端提到的是同一类型的元素,则此条件非常重要;
3. 对于A->~B这样的条件,箭头两端的元素至少要扔掉一个;
4. 对于A->B这样的条件,当根据其他条件知道最多只能再扔掉一个元素时,条件右端
的元素都不能扔掉。(重点考察满足原则2的条件)

例:
(W,X,Y,Z)中选2个,(G,H,J,K,L)中选3个,需遵守下列条件:
G->~Y,~L
H->K->X
J->W
问题:Y入选则谁也肯定入选?

例:
7个法官,分为3类:C,M和L。其中C类2个,M类2个,L类3个。现在他们要投票表决某
法案,每个人不是支持就是反对。同时要满足
下列条件:
若两个C和至少一个L态度一样,则两个M也会以那种方式投票。 2C+L -> 2M
若3个L的态度一样,则C与他们的态度不同。 3L -> ~C
每个法案至少有两个人支持,也至少有两个人反对。
反对的法官中有一个是C。

问题:若当前有两个法官投了反对票,则谁必定投赞成票?
分析:此题并不是部分分组题,但它应用了解部分分组题的一个重要原则,即原则3。
现在按步骤分析问题。问题提到了反对,找条件中与反对有关的,找到“至少有两个人
反对”和“反对的法官中有一个是C”
两个,继续找与C有关的条件,发现条件1、2都与C相关,但条件1涉及3类法官,条件2
只涉及2类法官,由自由度最小原则,
我们由条件2着手。
由于已知一个C是反对,我们只考察3个L和剩下的那一个C之间的关系。由原则3,我们
知道,3个L和1个C的态度肯定不一致,
里面至少有一个人态度与其他人不同(~3L与~C至少有一种情况存在)。这里将3个L和1
个C合起来考虑,使解题过程更清晰。
由上面的分析知道,3个L和1个C中定有人持反对态度,由于只能再有一个人持反对态
度,故3个L和1个C中有且仅有一人持反
对态度。此人具体是谁并不重要。因为在GRE的涉及人数限制的考题中,通常只需知道
填最后一个空的人(本题中就是第二个持
反对态度的法官)所在的范围,而不需要知道具体是谁。所设置的问题一般也不是问谁
来填空,而是针对进一步推出的结论发问,
比如本题就是问“谁肯定赞成”,或者问题问得含糊“下列哪个肯定对?”,但答案一
样是针对进一步推出的结论。
本题最终答案为2个M必投赞成票。

完全分组:

分两组

3条原则:
1. 牢记每组的个数;
2. A<>B意味着A,B在两个组中一组一个;
3. A=1->B=2意味着A,B之中至少有一个在第二组;同理,B=2->A=1意味着A,B之中至
少有一个在第一组。
这样就把一个需要判断的条件变成了一个不需要判断的条件。这样的条件比A=1->B=1这
样的条件有用。这就是“固定”原则的一个应用,
“固定”原则将在后面详细阐述。

例:
8个人乘两艘船,每船4人。8个人分为3个成人:F,G,H;5个小孩:V,W,X,Y,Z。
人员安排要符合下列条件:
每船至少有一个成人;
F=2->G=2
V=1->W=2
X<>Z

问题:若H和Y不在同一艘船,则谁必在第一艘船?

除3个基本原则外,在解此题时要注意体会另外两个原则,
1. 简化原则。即尽量把题目所涉及的元素等减少。
2. 对称原则。分在两组的人员要是成一种对称关系的话,则可使题目变得简单。

应用在本题中,就是首先把X和Z这对同性元素一起去掉(两者一组一个,且都不涉及其
他条件),把题目变成6人分两组,每组3人。
这样简化之后,两组人也由不对称变成了对称(一组两成人一个小孩,另一组一个成人
两个小孩)。
在解决具体问题时,可以根据题目给出的条件进一步把分组简化,变成4人分两组,每
组2人。再对V=1->W=2运用原则3,问题迎刃而解。


分三组:

3条原则:
1. 通常在问题中会先把某一组固定住,使问题变得类似于分两组的题。当然,很多时
候题目并不直接给出这样的条件,需要你自己去把它
推出来;
2. 在如上的情形出现之后,A<>B这样的条件就可以发挥作用了;
3. 注意A不在某一组这样的条件,在如“1”所述的情形出现之后,这样的条件将非常
有用。

例一:
 Nine people—F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, and N—are the only people who can
serve
on three committees designated X, Y, and Z, and each person must serve on
exactly
one of the committees.
 
 Committee X must have exactly one more member than does committee Y.
 It is possible that there are no members of committee Z.
 Neither F nor G nor H can serve on committee X.
 Neither I nor J nor K can serve on committee Y.
 Neither L nor M nor N can serve on committee Z.

If N is the only person serving on committee Y, which of the following must
serve on committee X?
I and M
J and K
J and L
K and M
L and M

Which of the following groups could constitute the membership of committee
Z?
G and L
H and K
G, H, and I
I, J, and K
F, H, K, and N

例二:
8人分3班,1、2、3班的人数分别为3人、3人、2人。分班遵守下列条件:
R=1
S=3
X,W <> Y
V <> Z
P=1 -> V=1

问题:若X在1班,谁必在2班?

分析:依条件得分班如下:1. R,X
2.
3. S
题目附加条件提到1班,那就找涉及1班的条件。由P=1 -> V=1 和1班只剩一个位置知道
P必不在1班。要判断P到底在2班还是3班,
我们可以先假设P在3班,因为3班只有2个位置,加入P后3班就被固定住了,我们可以比
较方便地处理另外两组。由W <> Y 和
V <> Z 得到,1组的人数将达到4个,违反了题目条件。所以P不能在3组,只能在2
组。

心得:依据附加条件其实可以有两个推理方向,一个是用“X <> Y”,一个是用
“P=1 -> V=1”。先用“P=1 -> V=1”的原因是
“A<>B”和“A不在哪一组”这样的条件在某一组被固定住之后更为有用,所以在解题
中应尽量先用其他条件固定住一组,
再使用这类条件。

例三:
Eight representatives—Gold, Herrera, Jones, Karami,
Lowell, Nakamura, Orson, and Porter—will be scheduled
to present inFORMation at four project meetings: W, X, Y
and Z. Each representative will be scheduled for exactly
one meeting, and at least one representative will be
scheduled for each meeting. The meetings will be held
one at a time, one after another. The order of the meet-
ings and the schedule of representatives for the meetings
must meet the following conditions:

Meeting W is held first, and exactly three representa-
tives are scheduled for it.
Meeting X is held at some time before meeting Y.
Gold and Herrera are both scheduled for meeting X.
Karami is scheduled for meeting Z.
Orson is scheduled for the same meeting as Porter.

If Orson is scheduled for meeting Y, which of the
following can be true?
(A) Gold is scheduled for the same meeting as
Jones.
(B) Herrera is scheduled for the same meeting as
Lowell.
(C) Jones is scheduled for the second meeting.
(D) Karami is scheduled for the third meeting.
(E) Lowell is scheduled for the fourth meeting.

分4组的题目通常比较强调总数,象此题就强调总人数。X,Y,Z 这3组已有5人,总人
数是8人,W组要有3人,那么剩下的3人都在W组。
此题另一个要注意的是问题问的是can be,看选项时A,B就不需要仔细看了,因为他们
要么肯定对、要么肯定错,把C、D、E仔细看一下
就行了。

三、逻辑基本原则——数目和固定

上面第二部分对分组问题进行了详细分析,但是管卫东的逻辑思想从根本上讲,是不把
问题进行这种分类的,因为他总结出的两大
原则——数目和固定,可以灵活运用于各种各样的问题中。下面就对这两大原则进行讲
解。

数目3要点:
1. 总数目
2. 奇偶性
3. 极值

3个要点中,总数目最重要,奇偶性有时能用,而极值只在极少的情况下有用,属于了
解范围。

1. 总数目
注意两点:题目中提到的总的数目;题目中未加限制的元素。

例一:
Exactly five persons—J, K, L, M, and O—have gathered to play a game
called
Trios. In each round of the game, exactly three of these persons must play.
The
following are all the rules that affect the order of participation in, and
the
length of, an individual game:
 
 No person can play in three consecutive rounds.
 No person can sit out two consecutive rounds.
 In any game, each of the five persons must play in exactly three rounds.

分析:此题给出的均为隐式条件,另外题目中未说明游戏有几轮,游戏有几轮对解题应
该比较重要,我们可以尝试推一推。
由条件3得到一次游戏中共有15人次,而从题目中知道每轮为3人,故可以得到游戏共有
5轮。
问题:
If, in an individual game, L and O do not play in the first round, which of
the following must be true?
L plays in rounds three and four.
O plays in rounds three and five.
L and O both play in round four.
L and O both play in round five.
M and O both play in round four.

分析:由条件2,L、O必须参加第二轮。还剩条件一没有用过。由条件一知道在第2,
3,4轮中,L和O最多各出现两次,而每个人都必须
出现3次,故L和O都必须在第5轮出现。这种分析思路避免了去推算L和O具体在哪几轮出
现,更为快捷实用。

例二:
8人—J,K,N,M,L,O,R,P—分两组,每组4人。两组之间进行接力比赛,每组内的
4个人要按顺序排列。人员的安排服从下列条件:
J,K在同一组;
K和N不在同一组;
R要在P的前面;
L和N在同一组;
J,M都不在第三个;
K,L都在第二个;
O在第四个;

分析:这是一道分组加排列题,写条件时注意把有关分组的和有关位置的条件分开
写。
分组 位置
JK J,M <> 3
K <> N K,L = 2
LN O = 4
R < P
写完条件后首先要注意还有几个元素没有受限制,限制要分类看。比如在此题中,就要
分为“分组限制”和“位置限制”两类
来看。若不受某类限制的元素只有一个的话,此元素通常会比较有用;若多于一个,则
用处都不大。本题中不受“分组限制”的元素
有4个,不必进一步分析;不受“位置限制”的元素只有N一个,需对N进一步分析。分
析时首先瞄准其他元素不能放的位置,因为这个
位置极可能是N放的位置。看位置条件,发现J,M <> 3,那我们就分析3这个位置。进一
步分析发现J,M,K,L,O都不能放在3,R和P
中最多可以有一个在3,而3必须有两个人,所以N必须放在3。推出这个结论对后面作题
很有帮助。

例三:
6条狗进狗舍,前4个会被加上一个标志。这6条狗不是属于J类就是属于L类。6条狗中有
4条公狗,2条母狗,且符合下列条件:
母狗都被加了标志,且只有一个是L类;
加标志的狗中只有一个是L类的;
P,R在S的前面,Q,T在S的后面
T,R属于J类
S,U属于L类

分析:此题涉及3类性质——分类,性别和位置。写条件时要分类写。
分类 性别 位置 其他
T,R属于J 4公,2母 P,R < S < Q,T 母狗一个L,一个J ,且 <= 4
S,U属于L 前4个包括1个L,3个J。

首先分类看不受限制的元素,“分类”有两个,“性别”有6个,“位置”只有1个
“U”,所以我们分析U。由位置条件,S必在
前4个,且S是L类,而前4个只包括1个L,所以同属L类的U必在第5或第6个,且是公
狗。

对不受某类限制的唯一元素有两个分析方向,一是看有没有其他方面的条件对他有限
制;一是看其他元素不能怎么样,从而造成他可以
怎么样。若两个方向都分析不出什么,那就别管他了。


2. 奇偶性
当题目中提到两个东西相加减、两个东西的差值为1或几个人在几天排着干活的时候,
就有可能需要从奇偶性方面进行考虑。

例一:
K, L, M, N, O, and P were the finalists in a spelling bee. There were
exactly
twenty words to be spelled. Each of the contestants attempted to spell all
twenty
words. For each of the twenty words a contestant spelled correctly, the
contestant
obtained one point. For each word a contestant spelled incorrectly, one
point was
deducted from the contestant’s score. (It was thus possible for a
contestant to
have a negative final score.)
 
 No two contestants obtained the same final score.
 K obtained a higher score than L did and a lower score than M did.
 N obtained a higher score than M did.
 P obtained a higher score than K did and a lower score than O did.

分析:由题干应立刻知道,每个选手的得分必为偶数。

例二:
Each of six pegs—P, Q, R, S, T, and U—is placed in a different one of
seven
holes numbered consecutively 1 through 7 from left to right. The holes are
evenly
spaced and arranged in a straight line. The placement of the pegs is
subject only
to the following conditions:
 
 The distance separating P from Q must be the same as the
  distance separating R from S.
 T must be in a hole immediately adjacent to the that U is in.
 The leftmost hole cannot be the hole that is left empty.

分析:列出条件 |P-Q| = |R-S|
(TU)
最左不空

1到7中共有4个奇数,3个偶数,T,U相连,要占掉一个奇数,一个偶数,还剩3个奇
数,2个偶数,P,Q,R,S就要从这5个数里取,
而取法只能是2个奇数,2个偶数。不能取3个奇数,1个偶数是因为这会使P-Q和R-S的结
果分别是偶数和奇数,肯定不可能相等。所以空
出来的肯定是奇数。

3. 极值

例:
The officers of Renco Manufacturing are analyzing their company’s chances
of winning a large contract to manufacture equipment for the state highway
department. Renco is one of five companies competing for the contract: the
others are Selway, Inc., Tate Industries, Upshaw Corp., and Velco. The
contract
will be awarded on the basis of points given in three categories: cost,
amount
of experience on similar contracts, and quality of equipment. In each
category,
the company that is best in that category will receive five points, the
second
best, 4 points, and so on down to 1. There will be no ties within any of
the
categories. The company that receives the highest total number of points
will
be awarded the contract. In the event of a tie, the company with the higher
number of 5’s will be awarded the contract; if the number of 5’s is the
same
additional criteria will be used to break the tie.

If the five companies tie with nine points each, which of the following
CANNOT be the distribution of points received by any of the companies?
Three 3’s
Two 4’s and a 1
A 5 and two 2’s
A 4, a 3, and a 2
A 5, a 3, and a 1

分析:选取极值进行分析。每一项的最高得分是5,是否有人可以拿两个5,肯定不可
能,所以3个5分是被3个不同的人拿走。接下来看4分,
已拿了5分的人能否再拿4分,肯定不行,所以3个4分被另外两个人拿走。由此可知没人
可以不拿5或4。

从1分开始分析也行。


固定:

1. 条件的固定化。类似“M=5”这样的不需判断,直接就可以使用的条件是固定化的条
件;而象“n=2 -> M=5”则是非固定化的条件,用起
来不是很方便。写条件时就是要尽量把条件以固定化形式写出来。
2. 位置或元素的固定化。当对一个位置或元素的限制条件越多,则其固定化程度越
高;反之则反之。当碰到can be题且没什么思路时,可以
从固定化程度最高或最低的元素或位置着手。
3. 唯一性。在题目所给出的众多条件中,若能操纵某个元素或能使排列或分组等达到
某一特定状态的条件只有一个,那么这个条件就是一个
具有唯一性的条件。要注意一下。

四、排列

重点是对题目所给条件的分析,条件一般可按类型分为:
1. 连续
2. 不连续
3. 谁和谁隔几个

1. 连续
a. 首先想到要有连续位置来容纳连续出现的元素。
b. 将导致中间位置的固定化程度最高。因为中间位置被别的元素占用最容易导致连续
性无法实现,推出矛盾性。与此联系最紧的是
can not be 类型的题,因为这类题往往要推出矛盾。
c. 看到间隔为1的情形,应立即想到连续出现的元素不能出现在这些位置。
d. 若题目出现不同元素连续出现在几个位置的条件,应想到这是间接限制了连续出现
的位置。因这时需连续出现的元素必须到那些
元素的两端去找位置。

2. 不连续
两个元素要不连续,中间必须有其他元素把他们分隔开。若这些可以起到分隔作用的元
素纷纷向两头聚集的话,剩下的为数不多的几个
可以起分隔作用的元素的位置的固定化程度就大为提高了。所以不连续与两头关系密
切。

若是排列成一个圆形,则固定的首尾点就没有了,这时要根据题目所给的条件固定住某
个元素,然后以该元素为首尾点,即这个元素
既是头又是尾。

3. A和B隔几个位置
写出A和B的位置范围。

例一:(连续与不连续)

Exactly twelve books are arranged from left to right on a shelf.
Of the twelve books, four are small paperback books, two are large
paperback
  books, three are clothbound books, and three are leather-bound books.
The four small paperback books are next to each other, and the three
  leather-bound books are next to each other.
The first (leftmost) book and the twelfth (rightmost) book are paperback
books

If a large paperback book is at each end of the row and no clothbound book
is next to a small paperback book, which of the following must be true?
The second book is a small paperback book.
The fourth book is a clothbound book.
The sixth book is a leather-bound book.
The eighth book is a leather-bound book.
The tenth book is a clothbound book.

分析:
Lp占据了两头,则可将其排除掉,只考虑剩下的10个位置的排列。Cb与Sp要不相临,而
4个Sp是连在一起的,所以应该是用3个连续的Lb
把Cb与Sp分隔开。于是可知,3个连续的Lb肯定要占据2—11的中间位置,也就是6和
7。
一个序列中的中间位置对连续和不连续非常重要。

例二:(A和B隔几个位置)

从本例中体会下列3点:(本例与机考题的一些题型较为类似,应好好体会)
1. 条件表达;
2. 将条件“A和B隔几个位置”转化为A和B的位置范围;
3. 不同性质条件的联合使用,得到一个结果。

5个人—L,N,O,P,S—跑步,每人一个跑道,跑道按顺序为1、2、3、4、5。这5个人
分别代表5个不同的俱乐部,这5个俱乐部是
F,G,H,J,K。跑道的安排要符合下列条件:
K在4;
F和G之间只隔一个P;
O和G之间要隔两个人;
N排在S前面。

写条件:注意把涉及不同性质的条件分开写,涉及两种性质的条件要留心;不同性质符
号的写法要有明确区分。

k’ = 4 N < S
(f’Pg’)
合并为:(Of’Pg’) O不可能在另外一边,因为那样的话,就要有6条跑道了。
|O-g’|=2

为把人的符号和俱乐部的符号区分开,俱乐部的符号用小写,并且加了一个单引号。
分析:(将条件“A和B隔几个位置”转化为A和B的位置范围)
确定O和g’的位置范围。
先把O放在前面,发现O不能在1(与k’ = 4冲突),可以在2。O在2时,g’在5。
再把g’放在前面,发现g’可以在1,不能在2。g’在1时,O在4。
综上,O/g’的位置为:2/5或4/1。

问题:若N代表J,则什么必然正确?
分析:(不同性质条件的联合使用,得到(逼出)一个结果)
首先针对条件“(Of’Pg’)”,分别从人的代号和俱乐部代号着两个性质作分析。N不
能放在O,P的位置,N代表j’,所以N也不能放在
f’,g’的位置,那么N只能放在这4个位置之外——1或5。但由于N < S,所以N不能在
5,N只能在1。这时整体的排列为——NOf’Pg’。

五、提高

以下所讲的第三阶段是管卫东老师为极少数比较牛的考生准备的,不过其中有几条实际
是考试技巧,大家都可以看看。

第三阶段:
1. 若不同选项中有等价元素出现的话,则这几个选项都不正确。
2. 对can be true的题,除了牢牢把握“不固定”原则之外,有时可以直接从选项看出
答案。当选项是涉及两个元素之间的关系,若某个
选项中的两个元素是等价元素的话,那么这个选项基本上是正确答案。
3. 体会以下例子:
当6个元素进行排列时,如果问题是某个元素可以在(can be)哪个位置,选项给出了6个
位置中的5个,则我们可以先找出未给出的那1个
位置,与这个位置对称的位置就是答案。关键是问题要问can be,因为这样就表明某个
元素可以放的位置不止一个,那个选项中未给出
位置肯定是一个可以放的位置,那么另一个可以放的位置一般来说应该是与这个位置对
称的位置。
4. 掌握以下原理:5个苹果放在4个篮子里,则可以保证至少有一个篮子里有至少2个苹
果。也就是待分配的东西要比要放的位置多,才能
保证至少有一个位置里有至少2个东西。
5. 逆向思维。

管氏逆向思维例题:

In a certain target-shooting game, a team must shoot at seven targets.
Exactly one shot is allowed for shooting at each target. The targets are
numbered in consecutive order from 1 to 7. The game is being played by a
three-member team consisting of players S, T, and U, who must observe the
following rules:
 
 The seven targets must be shot at in consecutive order, starting with
target 1.
 Both S and U can shoot at odd-numbered and even-numbered targets.
 T cannot shoot at even-numbered targets.
 S and T must each shoot at no fewer than two targets.
 U must take exactly one shot.
 S cannot take three consecutive shots.

There is one and only one of the seven targets that U can shoot at during
the game if the team agrees in advance that
S will shoot at exactly four targets
S will shoot at targets 2, 4, and 6 only
T will take exactly three shots
T will shoot at targets 1 and 7 only
T will shoot at targets 3 and 5 only

写条件: T = 1/3/5/7
n(S),n(T) >= 2
n(U) = 1
S不3连
分析:
题目问再加上哪个条件U的位置就被固定住了,我们可以换一个角度看这个问题,又加
上一个条件之后,U如果不固定在某个位置就会
违反题目的条件。这时可能违反的只能是位置条件,而原题的位置条件有两个“T =
1/3/5/7”和“S不3连”,违反“T = 1/3/5/7”不太
可能,因为T只需在4个奇数位中取两个就行了,所以违反的应是“S不3连”。也就是说
只要U不在某个固定位置,S就会连续出现3个或3个
以上。我们知道T和U都能起分隔作用。现在仅仅因为U的位置不固定就违反了“S不3
连”,说明T肯定没有起到分隔作用。起不到分隔作用
的位置是在队列的两头,所以T被放在了1和7。

    
 
    相关内容
 管卫东分析推理(组题)讲义
 钱泳强《GRE逻辑推理》笔记精粹整理
 近期GRE考试几道逻辑难题的总结
    用户留言:        留言数: