2013年货运代理考试货代英语辅导讲义第八章
来源：中大网校发布时间：2012-12-20
（一）基本要求
了解：Electronic Delivery of Marine Bills of Lading
熟悉：General Concept of Marine Bills of Lading， Drawing up Marine Bills of Lading
掌握：Functions of Marine Bills of Lading， Types of Marine Bills of Lading
（二）考试内容：
1. General Concept of Marine Bills of Lading
A bill of lading is a document which serves as an evidence of the contract of carriage of goods by sea and the taking over or loading of the goods by the carrier， and based on which the carrier undertakes to deliver the goods against surrendering the same.
A provision in the document stating that the goods are to be delivered to the order of a named person， or to order， or to bearer， constitutes such an undertaking.
（提单，是指用以证明海上货物运输合同和货物已经由承运人接收或者装船，以及承运人保证据以交付货物的单证。提单中载明的向记名人交付货物，或者按照指示人的指示交付货物，或者向提单持有人交付货物的条款，构成承运人据以交付货物的保证。）
2. Functions of Marine B/L
It is receipt for the goods shipped
a receipt issued by a carrier that identifiable consignment of goods has been received by him for shipment， or actually loaded on board his ship
A document of title to the goods
The possession of a B/L is equivalent in law to possession of the goods.
Evidence of the terms of the contract of affreightment.
The terms of the bill of lading contain the terms of the contract.
3.Types of Marine Bills of Lading
3.1 Order bills of lading
Order bills are issued by the carriers to the order of shipper or consignee. An order bill of lading is a negotiable document. Order bills made out to consignee or order can be transferred by them by endorsement.
3.2 Straight bills of lading
Straight bills of lading are those made out to named consignees without the addition of the words “or order”。 They are not negotiable and cannot be transferred to third parties. Delivery of goods， therefore， can only be taken by the named consignee.
3.3 Shipped bills of lading
Shipped bills state definitely that the goods have been loaded. It confirms that the goods are actually on board the vessels.
3.4 Received for shipment bills of lading
Received for shipment bills of lading state that the goods have been received for shipment， and do not indicate the actual date of loading.
3.5 Direct bills of lading
Direct bills of lading are those covering shipment between direct ports of loading and discharge.
3.6 Through bills of lading
Through bills of lading cover shipment from or to ports involving transport by two or more shipping or railways companies.
3.7 Clean bills of lading
The clean bill of lading bears an indication that the goods were received without damages， irregularities or short shipment， usually the word “apparent good order and condition is indicated on the B/L.
3.8 Foul bills of lading
Foul bill of lading （unclean bill of lading， dirty bill of lading or claused bill of lading） is the opposite of the clean bill of lading. It bears an indication that the goods were received with damages， irregularities （异常）or short shipment， usually the words “unclean on board” or the like are indicated on the B/L， for example， “insufficient packing”， “missing safety seal” and “one carton short”。
4. Drawing up Marine Bills of Lading
A bill of lading contains some main elements， such as quantity of cargo， accurate cargo description and condition， date of the bill of lading， names of shipper and consignee， port of loading and discharging， ship‘s name， terms and conditions of carriage and payment of freight.
The main parties on a bill of lading are shipper， consignee， notify party and carrier. The shipper is the person， usually the exporter， who sends the goods. Consignee refers to the person entitled to take delivery of the goods. Carrier is the person or company who has concluded a contract with the shipper for carriage of goods. Notify party is the party that the carrier must notify when the goods arrive at the port of destination. The carrier issues an arrival notice informing the notify party about the cargo discharge point， number of packages and other information.
It is important to date bills of lading correctly， and as per date on which the cargo is actually loaded. Cargo quantity and condition should also be adequately and correctly described in the bills of lading.
5. Electronic Delivery of Marine Bills of Lading
Unit Ten Ocean Freight Rates
（一）基本要求
了解：Types of Ocean Freight Rates
熟悉：Consideration for Determining the Ocean Freight Rates
掌握：Surcharges
（二）考试内容
1. Types of Ocean Freight Rates
2. Consideration for Determining the Ocean Freight Rates
When determining the freight rate， the carrier will also consider：
Stowage factor
Distance
The principle of “What the traffic can bear”。
“service cost” principle
The open market rates
3. Surcharges
Currency adjustment factor
Bunker adjustment factor
Port congestion surcharges
Container freight
Commodity box rates （包箱费率）is a lump sum rate for the carriage of a container loaded with a particular commodity
Freight all kinds rates（均一费率） all commodities are charged the same rate for the same voyage regardless of their value
