Language learning begins with listening. Individual children vary greatly in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and late starters are often long listeners. Most children will "obey" spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though the word obey is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child. Before they can speak, many children will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises.
注：1.第一句结论句，主题句，段落首句是重要句
2.obey 服从
63. The author's purpose in writing the second paragraph is to show that children _________.
A) usually obey without asking questions
B) are passive in the process of learning to speak
C) are born cooperative
D) learn to speak by listening
注：段落主题题，第二段首句。A选项 obey 出现，而文章中此词带引号，此项为干扰选项
Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. But since these cannot be said to show the baby' s intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new sounds to their repertoire (能发出的全部声音). This self-imitation leads on to deliberate (有意识的) imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech.
注：1.首句为主题句。
2.as to = about 引导的部分作为定语，修饰 problem
62. The third paragraph is mainly about ________
A) the development of babies' early forms of language
B) the difficulties of babies in learning to speak
C) babies' strong desire to communicate
D) babies' intention to communicate
注：段落主题题，第三段第一句
64. From the passage we learn that _________.
A) early starters can learn to speak within only six months
B) children show a strong desire to communicate by making noises
C) imitation plays an important role in learning to speak
D) children have various difficulties in learning to speak
注：文章末段，A选项是大众观点，B选项与第三段中But since these cannot ... 的意思矛盾所以不选 Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. But since these cannot be said to show the baby's intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new sounds to their repertoire (能发出的全部声音). This self-imitation leads on to deliberate (有意识的) imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech.
65. The best title for this passage would be
_________.
A) How Babies Learn to Speak
B) Early Forms of Language
C) A Huge Task for Children
D) Noise Making and Language Learning
注：标题题型，包含主题词baby、speak的为正确选项，B选项直接从文章第三段中摘抄，为干扰选项，C选项为大众观点，D选项过于细节
Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. But since these cannot be said to show the baby' s intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new sounds to their repertoire (能发出的全部声音). This self-imitation leads on to deliberate (有意识的) imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech.
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
21. People who are cognitively healthy are those _________.
A) whose minds are alert and receptive
B) who are highly intelligent.
C) who can remember large amounts of information
D) who are good at recognizing different sounds
22. According to Fozard's argument, people can make their brains work more efficiently by _________.
A) constantly doing memory work
B) making frequent adjustments
C) going through specific training
D) taking part in various mental activities
23. The findings of James and other scientists in their work _________.
A) remain a theory to be further proved
B) have been challenged by many other experts
C) are practised by the researchers themselves
D) have been generally accepted
24. Older people are generally advised to _________.
A) keep mentally active by challenging their brains
B) keep fit by going in for physical activities
C) maintain mental alertness through specific training
D) maintain a balance between individual and group activities
25. What is the passage mainly about?
A) How biochemical changes occur in the human brain.
B) Why people should receive special mental training as they age.
C) How intellectual activities influence brain-cell health.
D) Why people should keep active not only physically but also mentally.
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive (认知的) areas such as attention and memory. This is true regardless of age.
注：1."it"指代"brain"
2.mentally engaged 动脑筋，思考问题
3.第一句是主题句
People will be alert (警觉的) and receptive (愿意接受的) if they are faced with information that gets them to think about things they are interested in. And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.
注：1.第一段 attention and memory 对应 alert and receptive
2.active mind 思维活跃
3.sound adj.健康的
Many experts are so convinced of the benefits of challenging the brain that they are putting the theory to work in their own lives. "The idea is not necessarily to learn to memorize enormous amounts of information," says James Fozard, associate director of the National Institute on Aging. "Most of us don't need that kind of skill. Such specific training is of less interest than being able to maintain mental alertness." Fozard and others say they challenge their brains with different mental skills, both because they enjoy them and because they are sure that their range of activities will help the way their brains work.
注：1.convince 相信，确信
2.双引号之内句子不重要
3.be less interest than 某事好处不如某事好处多
Gene Cohen, acting director of the same institute, suggests that people in their old age should engage in mental and physical activities individually as well as in groups. Cohen says that we are frequently advised to keep physically active as we age, but older people need to keep mentally active as well. Those who do are more likely to maintain their intellectual abilities and to be generally happier and better adjusted. "The point is, you need to do both," Cohen says. "Intellectual activity actually influences brain-cell health and size."
注：1.本段第二句中but之前是大众观点， 后面是作者观点
2.age v. 变老 24. Older people are generally advised to _________.
A) keep mentally active by challenging their brains
B) keep fit by going in for physical activities
C) maintain mental alertness through specific training
D) maintain a balance between individual and group activities
注：generally advised 与末段中的frequently advised 对应，考的是大众观点
21. People who are cognitively healthy are those _________.
A) whose minds are alert and receptive
B) who are highly intelligent.
C) who can remember large amounts of information
D) who are good at recognizing different sounds
注：题干的关键词出现了，但该句没有正确对应的选项，所以从上或下一句来找
People will be alert (警觉的) and receptive (愿意接受的) if they are faced with information that gets them to think about things they are interested in. And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.
22. According to Fozard's argument, people can make their brains work more efficiently by _________.
A) constantly doing memory work
B) making frequent adjustments
C) going through specific training
D) taking part in various mental activities
注：考第三段末句
Many experts are so convinced of the benefits of challenging the brain that they are putting the theory to work in their own lives. "The idea is not necessarily to learn to memorize enormous amounts of information," says James Fozard, associate director of the National Institute on Aging. "Most of us don't need that kind of skill. Such specific training is of less interest than being able to maintain mental alertness." Fozard and others say they challenge their brains with different mental skills, both because they enjoy them and because they are sure that their range of activities will help the way their brains work.
23. The findings of James and other scientists in their work _________.
A) remain a theory to be further proved
B) have been challenged by many other experts
C) are practised by the researchers themselves
D) have been generally accepted
注：第三段首句中的"theory"等同于"findings"
Many experts are so convinced of the benefits of challenging the brain that they are putting the theory to work in their own lives. "The idea is not necessarily to learn to memorize enormous amounts of information," says James Fozard, associate director of the National Institute on Aging. "Most of us don't need that kind of skill. Such specific training is of less interest than being able to maintain mental alertness." Fozard and others say they challenge their brains with different mental skills, both because they enjoy them and because they are sure that their range of activities will help the way their brains work.
25. What is the passage mainly about?
A) How biochemical changes occur in the human brain.
B) Why people should receive special mental training as they age.
C) How intellectual activities influence brain-cell health.
D) Why people should keep active not only physically but also mentally.
注：not only... but also... 为优选项，且重点在 but also 部分。D 项为首句主题句的同义改写
Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive (认知的) areas such as attention and memory. This is true regardless of age.
●短文回答内容应该简洁
例：Why are the students enthusiastic (热情的） for the positions in students' organization?
1. Because they are respected.（可以）
2. They are respected.（可以）
3. The students are enthusiastic for the positjions in students' organization because they are respected.（太复杂，不可以）
如何做答：优选顺序：单词--词组--句子；以下情况用句子：Why?和 What opinion/result/suggestion/belief |
