2011年考研英语语法讲义：语法应用

语法应用

　　考研中不一定专门考语法。主要是应用语法知识进行阅读、完型、写作等等。关键就是运用语法处理长难句。

　　例如：She ,who is her mother’s daughter ,is a girl of beauty which is envied by lily who is of ugliness which we all know.

　　剥洋葱似的分析句子的方法和步骤：

　　1. 以句号为单元判断这个句子中有几个洋葱。

　　1)看句号句子中有没有and和or。还要看它们连接的是不是句子。如果是词和短语那么and前后就不是独立的洋葱。只有当两个句子并列的时候才是连个洋葱。例如：I like apples and bananas.其中的apples and bananas是宾语并列。

　　再如：I am 22 and Jim is 23.这时就是两个洋葱。

　　2) 看句号里有没有but.有but 也不一定就是两个洋葱。例如：But I am a boy.

　　3) 看句号里有没有特殊的标点符号。

　　冒号“：”从命题的角度看如果问题出在冒号的前面，答案一般出现在冒号的后面。如果问题出在冒号的后面，答案大多数情况下出现在冒号的前面。

　　从长难句解读角度看冒号前后是独立的。

　　破折号“—”考研英语中破折号“—”等于冒号“：”功能是一样的。

　　分号“;”分号前后独立各自成为一个洋葱。

　　2. 对每一个洋葱分别剥皮。每一个洋葱的第一层皮就是这个句子的核心内容。此后从第二层开始，每一层皮就表示一个语法现象。

　　3. 把每一层皮分别翻译成中文。

　　4. 在剥皮处设问。用设问的方式把每一层皮连接在一起。这就是化整为零，再从零到整。

　　综合运用以前所奖的语法知识。继续讲解利用剥洋葱的方法在考研的长难句中的应用。

　　1994年真题第一篇文章。

　　Passage I

　　The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen , striving to make profits , produce these goods and services in competition  with other businessmen; and the profit motive , operating under competitive pressures , largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American eoonomic system it is the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

　　An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand , the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system .

　　The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private progeny) , and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual .

　　51 . In Line 11 , Para 1 , "the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes" means__.

　　A. Americans are never satisfied with their incomes

　　B. Americans tend to oven Tate their incomes

　　C. Americans want to have their incomes increased

　　D. Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes

　　52. The first two & ntences in the second paragraph tell us that__.

　　A. producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production

　　B. consumers can express their demands through producers

　　C. producers decide the prices of products

　　D. supply and demand regulate prices

　　53 . According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by__.

　　A. private property and rights concerned

　　B. manpower and natural resources control

　　C. ownership of productive resources

　　D. free contracts and prices

　　54. The passage is mainly about__.

　　A. how American goods are produced

　　B. how American consumers buy their goods

　　C. how American economic system works

　　D. how American businessmen make their profits