2009年考研英语全题型高分强化教程(10)

练习

Ⅰ Cloze

Globalization-is it holy crap?

　　Globalization can somehow be defined（1）____harmonization, homogenization or integration of the countries and（2）____.  Functionally, it can be seen as a process of gradually（3）____ interaction and integration of economies and societies around the world.  The growing economic interdependence is the most crucial （4）____ force of globalization.  In the first（5）____, it is the economic dimension of globalization which（6）____both scholars' and（7）____attention.  Transnational corporations (TNCs) and large financial institutions in the mature and developed industrial economies （8）____a proactive role（9）____ devising and creating global networks in economic and financial areas.  However, sociologist, anthropologist and historian state that the non-economic dimension is（10）____equally important.  For example, Alexander the Great did not only militarily conquer Persia（11）____introduced western （12）____, philosophy and scientific technology（13）____ the east.（14）____he noticed that what he thought the barbarian east had a more complex governing system even than his own.  Today, though most popular definitions of globalization are still focusing more（15）____ the economic dimension; the non-economic dimension gets more and more attention in almost every society of the world.  There are tons of studies（16）____ this topic.  Yet, globalization as a phenomenon, in reality, is still in its （17）____. 

　　According to <Harvey, a well-known scholar, Globalization is the manifestation of the changing experience of time and space, in which（18）____economic and social processes has experientially（19）____the globe, so that distance and time no longer appear（20）____ major constraints on the organization of human activities. 

　　Giddens, another scholar argues that "Globalization is the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa."

1.[A]as         [B]to be          [C]like        [D]of

2. [A]economy   [B]economics     [C]economic   [D]economies

3. [A]revolving   [B]evolving      [C]resolving    [D]solving

4. [A]enhancing   [B]moving       [C]driving     [D]motivating

5. [A]case       [B]place          [C]area       [D]space

6. [A]catches    [B]influences      [C]has        [D]draws

7. [A]practitioners'  [B]practicers'   [C]practists'    [D]practicalists'

8. [A]took       [B]had          [C]played      [D]occupied

9. [A]in         [B]on           [C]within      [D]into

10. [A]to be     [B]as            [C]/           [D]being

11. [A]but also    [B]also         [C]and        [D]and also

12. [A]thinking   [B]thoughts      [C]ideology    [D]theories

13. [A]to        [B]into          [C]for         [D]towards

14. [A]Surprisedly  [B]Surprised    [C]Surprisingly  [D]Surprising

15. [A]on        [B]in            [C]at          [D]of

16. [A]about      [B]of           [C]in          [D]at

17. [A]childhood   [B]teenage      [C]teens       [D]infancy

18. [A]speeding    [B]speedy      [C]speedy up    [D]speeding up

19. [A]shrank      [B]shrunk      [C]shrinked     [D]been shrunk

20. [A]as         [B]being        [C]to be        [D]as to be

II. Reading Passages

Part A 阅读理解

Passage One 

　　Various accounts have traced the "Big Apple" expression to Depression-Era sidewalk apple vendors, a Harlem night club and a popular 1930s dance known as the "Big Apple." One fanciful version even links the name with a notorious 19th-century procuress!

　　In fact, it was the jazz musicians of the 1930s and ‘40s who put the phrase into more or less general circulation. If a jazzman circa 1940 told you he had a gig in the "Big Apple," you knew he had an engagement to play in the most coveted venue of all, Manhattan, where the audience was the biggest, hippest, and most appreciative in the country.

　　The older generation of jazzmen specifically credit Fletcher Henderson, one of the greatest of the early Big Band leaders and arrangers, with popularizing it, but such things are probably impossible to document. Be that as it may, the ultimate source actually was not the jazz world but the racetrack.

　　As Damon Runyon (among many others) cheerfully pointed out, New York in those days offered a betting man a lot of places to go broke. There were no fewer than four major tracks nearby, and it required no fewer than three racing journals to cover such a lively scene-The Daily Racing Form (which still survives on newsstands today) and The Running Horse and The New York Morning Telegraph (which do not)-and the ultimate credit for marrying New York to its durable catchphrase goes to columnist John J. FitzGerald who wrote for the Telegraph for over 20 years.

　　Despite its turf-related origins, by the 1930s and '40s, the phrase had become firmly linked to the city's jazz scene. "Big Apple" was the name both of a popular night club at West 135th Street and Seventh Avenue in Harlem and a jitterbug-style group dance that originated in the South, became a huge phenomenon at Harlem's great Savoy Ballroom and rapidly spread across the country. (Neat cultural footnote: the great African-American cinema pioneer Oscar Micheaux liked to use the Big Apple as a venue for occasional screenings of his latest feature film or documentary.)

　　A film short called The Big Apple came out in 1938, with an all-Black cast featuring Herbert "Whitey" White's Lindy Hoppers, Harlem's top ballroom dancers in the Swing Era. In a book published the same year, bandleader Cab Calloway used the phrase "Big Apple" to mean "the big town, the main stem, Harlem." Anyone who loved the city would have readily agreed with Jack FitzGerald: "There's only one Big Apple. That's New York."

　　The term had grown stale and was in fact generally forgotten by the 1970s. Then Charles Gillett, head of the New York Convention & Visitors Bureau, got the idea of reviving it. The agency was desperately trying to attract tourists to the town. Mayor John Lindsay had dubbed "Fun City," but which had become better-known for its blackouts, strikes, street crime and occasional riots. What could be a more wholesome symbol of renewal than a plump red apple?

　　The city's industrial-strength campaign was launched toward the end of the Lindsay administration in 1971, complete with a cheerful Big Apple logo in innumerable forms (lapel pins, buttons, bumper stickers, refrigerator magnets, shopping bags, ashtrays, ties, tie tacks, "Big Apple" T-shirts, etc.).

　　Apparently Gillett was on to something, because at this writing, over 35 years later, the campaign he launched-it won him a Tourism Achievement award in 1994, by the way-is still going strong.

1. Read the first paragraph and then choose the correct one.
[A] "Big Apple" is a name of New York.
[B] There are many reasons for the name "Big Apple".
[C] People are likely to call New York City "Big Apple".
[D] The name "Big Apple" is a name of New York City in the history.

2. According to the author, what's the reason for the name "Big Apple"?
[A] He thought that the name "Big Apple" could not be traced as many people's saying.
[B] He thought that the name "Big Apple" was something about jazz musicians.
[C] He thought that initially the name "Big Apple" was a name for Manhattan, not for New York City.
[D] He thought that the name "Big Apple" was named by jazz musicians.

3. According to Cab Calloway's book, what's the meaning of the phrase "Big Apple"?
[A] A name of club in his book.
[B] A name of drama mentioned in his book.
[C] It meant the big town, the main stem, Harlem.
[D] It was just a name and had no means.

4. How did they revive the name "Big Apple" by the 1970s?
[A] By announced a new slogan.
[B] By announce that a plump red apple is a symbol of health.
[C] By put an end to New York's occasional riots.
[D] By put an end to New York's street crimes.

5. What's the industrial-strength campaign's effect which was launched toward the end of the Lindsay administration in 1971?
[A] It led to a trend of widely used of the phrase "Big Apple".
[B] It made the phrase "Big Apple" have new meanings.
[C] The campaign is good for the reviving of the name "Big City".
[D] The campaign lead to the name's widely use which was good for its reviving.

Passage Two

　　There is a bitter battle over how to combat the nation's fastest-growing crime problem, juvenile offenders. While overall crime statistics in America's largest cities has dropped there is one category where it has skyrocketed. That category is homicides committed by youths under the age of 17. Between 1984 and 1994, murders committed by youths under 17 tripled. Demographic studies show that there will be a surge in the teen population in the coming years and experts believe that 25 percent of all murders committed by the year 2005 will be committed by juveniles.

　　Violence (i.e. Aggravated assaults) committed with guns by youths has also increased at roughly the same pace as homicides. After years of statistical decline, drug use by teens is also on the rise. None of these statistics would appear to bode well for future.

　　It now seems that everyday we are hearing about horrendous violent crimes being committed by juveniles. The most famous of late was the 6-year-old in northern California who almost beat to death a small baby. The baby was just released from the hospital on Thursday and has suffered brain damage from the attack by the 6-year-old.

　　There is also the case of the 15-year-old pregnant girl who was shot to death by another student in St. Louis. In Miami, two 16-year-old males have been charged with the murder of a Dutch woman tourist who just happened to end up in the wrong neighborhood. A 15-year-old New York boy tried to steal a pair of earrings from a woman. During the attack, the young woman fell to her death under a New York subway train.

　　In Fort Meyers, Florida, a group of teenagers shot and killed a high school band teacher. This case will be the subject of an upcoming ENN report, but a police investigation into this group of teens turned up "would-be junior terrorists" that could have rivaled some of the worst terrorist organizations in the world.

　　There seems to be growing awareness now of this juvenile crime problem in the United States. Several experts, as well as this publication, have been trying very hard to get the word out. People who have become victims of these young felons are angry and are calling for changes to be made in the juvenile justice system.

　　It has been a long-standing belief in the United States that juveniles who kill, rape and rob be treated differently than adult offenders. But this may soon change. In 1899, juvenile courts were established to help protect "juvenile delinquents." But it seems that today, the reasoning for the protection of the youths in the criminal justice system may be outdated and changes need to be made to accomodate these "14-year-old harden felons." Many critics, today, say that in reality too many hard-core juvenile offenders are arrested held and released time-after-time in a process that is called a revolving door. It seems to only come to an end when a truly heinous crime is committed.

　　Because of the rise in juvenile crime and the experts predictions that the problem is going to get worse before it gets better, many cities, states and even congress are trying to wrestle with the problem. Tallahassee, Florida has been experimenting with a couple of different programs to deal with troubled youths. In one case, Tallahassee Police received a report of a teenager breaking into an auto. Immediately, officers knew their suspect. The suspect was a 16-year-old who even held a job at a near-by restaurant. This 16-year-old who was on parole, had been known to commit 32 similar offenses. Officers had kept the suspect tracked on a point scale. He was arrested after he barricaded himself inside an apartment building. Because of his extensive criminal record prosecutors immediately sent him to trial in an adult court. This can be called the "get-tough" approach.

1. As you read the first paragraph, which kind of crimes are increasing while the crime statistics in America's largest cities has dropped?
[A] Homicides committed by youths.
[B] Murders committed by adults.
[C] Drug abuse.
[D] Violation.

2. Read the third paragraph carefully and then answer the question: What happened to the "6-year-old"?
[A] The "6-year-old" had been killed.
[B] The "6-year-old" had almost killed another small baby.
[C] The "6-year-old" had been sent to prison.
[D] The "6-year-old" had suffered brain damage.

3. What thing will be report by ENN?
[A] A high school teacher had been killed by a group of teenagers.
[B] Junior terrorists.
[C] The case of the 15-year-old pregnant girl who was shot to death by another student in St. Louis.
[D] Both A and B.

4. Who called for changes to be made in the juvenile justice system?
[A] Journalists came from Florida.
[B] The parents came from the juvenile's families.
[C] Teachers came from the juvenile's school.
[D] The victims of these young felons.

5. As the author use the example of the case of Tallahassee, what did he mean?
[A] To illustrate the importance of changes that should be made in the juvenile justice system.
[B] To state that teenagers who committed crimes should be sent to trial in an adult court.
[C] To express that the old law was not fit for the new phenomenon.
[D] To express that the author hated the juvenile crimes.练习答案与题解：

I．Cloze

1.[A]

define sth as sth.是固定用法，意思是"给（词语等）下定义；阐明，解释某事"。其余搭配均不正确。

2.[D]

economy为名词，有可数和不可数两种形式，其意思有"（金钱，力气，时间，资源等）节省，节约"。 economy也有"(国家的）经济管理，经济制度"的意思。此题中economy就属于这个意思，且应为复数。

3.[B]

evolve的意思为"（使）逐渐形成；（指植物、动物等）进化"。revolve意为"旋转"；resolve意为"分解，溶解"；solve意为"解决（问题）"。

4.[C]

enhance意为"增强，增多"；move意为"移动"；motivate意为"激发"，均不合题意。只有driving force是约定俗成的用法。此处driving force的意思是"sb./ sth. that strongly influences people and makes them to do sth"。

5.[B]

in the first/ second... place用于如列举理由时，相当于firstly, secondly 等等。

6.[A]

catch one's attention/eye意为"吸引某人的注意"；draw (sb's) attention to sth意思是"令某人注意某事物"。

7.[A]

只有practitioner这个单词存在，其余选项虽然与构词规则有关系，但都是不存在的词语。此题考查考生平时学习中的词汇积累。另外，practitian = practitioner。

8.[C]

play a role in ...是固定用法，意思为"在......方面起作用"。其他搭配均不正确。

9.[A]

play a role in...为固定搭配，其余选项中的介词均不对。

10.[B]

as在此处是副词，意为"和......一样"。

11.[A]

not only ...but also是习惯搭配，意思是"不仅......而且......"，如：He is not only interested in coffee, but also likes drinking tea.他不但对咖啡感兴趣，而且也喜欢喝茶。

12.[B]

thought在此句中的意思是"思想，思潮"；thinking为动词的现在分词形式，不能在此作名词用；ideology意为"意识形态"；theory意为"理论，学说"，均不合题意。

13.[A]

introduce sb/ sth to sb意为"是相互认识，引见；宣布并介绍"。

14.[C]

surprise为动词，意思是"使（某人）吃惊"；surprised是形容词，be surprised at sth意为"惊奇的，惊讶的，诧异的"。surprising也是形容词，意思是"令人吃惊的，使人吃惊的"；surprisingly是其副词形式。

15.[A]

focus sth on sth意为"使某事物集中于一点；集中（于某事物）；将注意力集中于（某事物）"。

16.[C]

此句中studies为名词，其后跟in表示"在......方面的研究、探索"。

17.[D]

infancy意为"婴儿期，幼儿期"，也可用作比喻义"（发展或成长的）初期"。其余搭配均不能表达此意。

18.[D]

speed作动词的使后跟up搭配意思为"（使某事物）加速"。speedy为形容词，意为"快速的，迅速的；及早的"。

19.[B]

shrunk 为shrink的过去分词形式，意思是"收缩，委琐，缩短"。

20.[C]

appear是不及物动词，因此后面应跟to be。

Reading Passages

Part A

Passage One

1.[B]
段意归纳题。本题的干扰项在C项。纽约市被称为大苹果是我们的常识，所以很多考生会选择这个选项。但陷阱往往就在这里。我们把这种陷阱称为"真理式陷阱"。该类干扰项的共同特点在于，孤立的看，这个选项挑不出任何毛病，而且往往能使我们联想起我们日常生活中的常识。但有至关重要的是该类选项在目标段落中没有被谈到，所以需要被排除。

2.[B]
选项中A项讲的是上一段说的内容，因此不能选。C项说大苹果最初是曼哈顿名字这点说的不正确。文中提到曼哈顿只是说它与我们的命名有关，但没说这名字给了曼哈顿了。D项说作者认为大苹果这个名字是爵士乐音乐家给起的，也不正确。这个名字虽然与爵士乐家有关，但不是由爵士乐家们专门为纽约市取的名字。

3.[C]
细节题。细读文章第六段即可找到答案。此类题只要准确定位到原文就可以顺利排除干扰项。

4.[B]
C和D项干扰意图明显，可以很容易被排除。A项虽然没有错，但相对而言，B项说得更具体些。

5.[D]
该题的迷惑性在于如何区分几个相近选项。B项是可以首先排除的。接下来看A、C。从一定意义上说，A、C都有道理。但根据选择最佳方案法，我们发现，D项说得最全面。所以，这里把A、C排除而选择D。

[疑难长句翻译与注解]

1. Various accounts have traced...a popular 1930s dance known as the "Big Apple."

[译文]关于大苹果这个称谓可以追述到很多来源，如有的说是大萧条时期人行道旁的苹果摊卖主，有的归因于黑人住宅区夜总会，以及在二十世纪三十年代流行的一种叫大苹果的舞蹈。

[注解]"Big Apple"是对纽约市的一种约定俗成的称呼，本文就是探讨该名字的由来。句中没有连词只是用句式的逻辑表达了出来，我们在翻译的时候要把连词添上。

2. "which still survives on newsstands today"

[译文] 这份刊物现在还在发行。

[注解] 不能翻译成"今天依然活在报摊上"。应该意译。意思是说这份刊物现在还在发行，仍然存在。

3. The city's industrial-strength campaign... the end of the Lindsay administration in 1971.  

[译文]城市的加强工业运动开始于1971年Lindsay政府的任期将满之前。

[注解] "toward the end of the Lindsay administration in 1971".的意思就是在1971年，Lindsay政府任期将满之前。这里toward the end 是just before a particular time。

4. The older generation of jazzmen specifically ... are probably impossible to document.

[译文]老一辈的爵士乐家们热衷于将其归功于早期大乐队最伟大的领导者之一的Fletcher Henderson, 他们认为是他使"大苹果"这个名字流行起来的，但却不大可能有东西证明这种事的存在。

[注解] jazzmen 在这里指爵士乐家，credit除了有信任之意思外，还可以指"把......归功于......"。本句中credit的意思就是后者。

5. The term had grown stale and was in fact generally forgotten by the 1970s.

[译文] 这种称谓逐渐变得了无新意，并于20世纪70年代被人们基本遗忘。

[注解] "The term"指代上文中提到的大苹果的称谓。"stale"指"陈旧的、不新鲜的"，在这里译为了无新意。

Passage Two

1.[A]
细节题。本题只要读懂文章就不难排除干扰。我们细看原文可以发现，第一段里只讲了青少年杀人犯罪问题，所以，后面几个选项都不符合要求。

2.[B]
理解题。这道题考查对原文的理解。重点在于区分"6-year-old"和"the baby"。只要将这两者区分清楚就不会选错。

3.[A]
本题是细节题。细读文章第五段可以发现，文中说将要被ENN报道的是A中提到的佛罗里达州高中教师被青少年杀害事件。B项的少年恐怖分子虽在文中有提及，但不是ENN要报道的内容，所以排除。

4.[D]
细节题。本文较为侧重考查考生捕捉细节的能力。在文中第六段段末可以看到, 受害者们最为关注针对青少年犯罪司法体系的修改。而选项中提到的C项虽然有老师是受害者，但显然过于片面，故排除。

5.[A]
主旨题。作者在文中举了这个案例目的在于表明旧有的法律已经不适用了。对于现在的一些青少年恶性案件来说，有必要加大惩处力度。所以，作者引用了这个案例来说明如果不对青少年犯罪加以扼制，这批问题少年成年后还会对社会造成危害。解这道题主要需要把握原文主旨。作者在文中对青少年犯罪持否定态度，多处细节表明作者本身赞同对问题少年加以限制，所以这里的选择就可以根据本文的主要精神加以把握。

[疑难长句翻译与注解]

1. Demographic studies show that...the year 2005 will be committed by juveniles.

[译文]统计学的研究表明，在即将到来的一年里，青年人口将有迅猛的增长。据专家估计，在2005年，25%的谋杀事件是由青少年犯罪导致的。

[注解] 其中，a surge of something意思是 a sudden increase in amount of number。demographic 是形容词，意为人口统计学的。surge即可作名词也可为动词，这里作动词用，意为迅猛增长。

2. After years of statistical decline, drug use by teens is also on the rise.

[译文]尽管多年来的数据呈下降趋势，但青少年吸毒问题依然严重。

[注解]这句话不长，关键在于对词组"on the rise"意思的理解，在文中，该词组的意思为依然在上升。

3. Several experts, as well as this...made in the juvenile justice system.

[译文]一些专家以及这本刊物都在努力试图寻求法律的支持，深受这些少年重犯之害的人们都异常愤怒并呼吁政府对青少年司法制度进行更改。

[注解]"felons"原型是"felon"，意思是重罪犯。这里"calling"是呼吁的意思。

4. Because of the rise in juvenile...congress are trying to wrestle with the problem.

[译文]由于青少年犯罪的增长加上专家们预测这个问题在得到改善之前将日趋严重，很多城市、州，甚至国会都开始试着同这种问题做斗争了。

[注解]在原文中出现的连词"and"在翻译时，不一定译成"和"字，为了照顾汉语的流畅，这个"和"可以译成"加上"。

5. The suspect was a 16-year-old who even held a job at a near-by restaurant.

[译文]这个嫌疑犯十六岁，甚至在附近的餐馆还拥有一份工作。

[注解]"suspect"作嫌疑犯讲。在这里的定语从句没有翻译成定语而是译成了动宾结构。