一天一篇真题记单词（四）

     subsequent adj. 后来的, 并发的
     [例] subsequent events 随后发生的一些事件
     [同义] following ，later， next
     [反义] previous adj. 在前的, 早先的 adv. 在...以前 ， 返回上一级菜单
     [派生] subsequence n. 后继, 随后

      nevertheless conj. 然而, 不过 adv. 仍然, 不过
     [例] She was very tired, nevertheless she kept on working. 她虽然很疲倦，可仍在继续工作。
     [同义] although ，anyway ，but ， regardless

     remarkable adj. 不平常的, 非凡的, 显著的
     [例] Your work has been remarkable this week.这星期你的工作很出色。
     [同义] exceptional ，extraordinary ，great ， notable， noteworthy， special
     [派生] remark n. 备注, 评论, 注意, 注释 vt. 评论,注意, 谈及

     reasoning n. 推理（08翻译考到这个词）, 评理, 论证 adj. 推理的
     [例] His close reasoning gave fibre to his argument. 他严密的逻辑使他的论点强劲有力。
     [派生] reason n. 理由, 原因, 动机, 理智, 前提
        vt. 说服, 推论, 辩论 vi. 推论, 劝说, 思考
      reasonable adj. 合理的, 有道理的, 通情达理的, 讲道理的

      adaptive adj. 适应的
     [例] What we can do is to develop our adaptive abilities to deal with the situation .
     我们所能做的就是培养自己的适应能力去适应这种情况。
     [派生] adapt vt. 使适应, 改编
     adaptable adj. 能适应的, 可修改的

     instance n. 1 实例 2 建议, 要求 3 情况, 场合 vt. 举...为例；获得例证
     [例] There are many instances of good people and good deeds nowadays. 现时好人好事的例子很多。
     [同义] case ，circumstance， example ，occasion
     [固定搭配] at the instance of 应...的请求；for instance 例如，举例说

     duration　n. 持续时间, 为期
     [例] We hope the war will be short duration 我们希望战争是短期的。
     [同义] period， term ，time

     flexibility　 n. 弹性, 适应性
     [例] The flexibility of a man's muscles will lessen as he becomes old. 人老了肌肉的柔韧性将降低。
    [派生] flexible adj. 柔韧性, 易曲的, 灵活的

     contemporary n. 同时代的人 adj. 当代的, 同时代的
     [例] Shelley and Keats were contemporaries. 雪莱和济慈是同一时代的人

    【真题原文】

      学习完单词后自己认真翻译原文，并将原文中红色字体部分句子的译文回帖，认真答题者奖励50HY，灌水者杀无赦。

     That experiences influence subsequent behavior is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behavior demands memory , remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences .

     Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.

     In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example ,learned behavior that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.

     Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage ( input) and forgetting (output) . Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.

     【原文翻译】

     过去的经历能影响随后的行为，这种显而易见但却十分重要的行为叫做记忆。如果没有记忆这种功能，学习行为就不可能发生。不断的练习对记忆产生影响，使我们能够熟练地演奏钢琴，背诵诗歌，阅读和理解文字。所谓的智力行为需要记忆，记忆也是推理的基础。解决问题能力，甚至识别问题的能力，都要依靠记忆。例如，作出穿越马路的决定就是建立在此前经历的记忆的基础之上的。

     练习（或者复习）能够建立和巩固对事情或学到的知识的记忆。如果一段时间没有练习，学到的东西就可能忘掉，这种适应的结果可能并不明显，但是突然性的遗忘就可以看作是适应的结果了。从这个意义上来说，遗忘的能力可以理解成，是在动物的自然选择过程中保留下来的。确实如此，一段令人痛苦的记忆会导致严重的焦虑不安，这时遗忘可以缓解痛苦。然而，这种解释很难真正让人了解，普通的缓慢遗忘过程是怎样从自然选择的过程中保留下来的。

     在考虑记忆的进化问题时，可以思考一下，如果记忆永远不会淡忘，那会出现什么情况呢？很显然，遗忘有助于时间上的调整，因为旧的记忆会褪色，而新的记忆会变的更加明显，使我们能够推测事情发生的时间先后。如果不遗忘，人的适应能力就会受到破坏，比如：十年前正确的行为十年后可能已经不再正确了。在一些病历中，有的人遗忘的太少（和普通人相比），以至于他们的行为充满了混淆。这样看来，遗忘似乎有助于个人和整个人类的生存。

      另一种猜想是存储记忆的系统的容量是有限的， 因此通过遗忘灵活地进行调整。在学习或者记忆存储（输入）和遗忘（输出）之间不断进行着调整。实际上，有证据表明一个人遗忘的速度和他学习的速度是直接相关的，这些数据完全证明了当代的输入-----输出平衡的记忆模式。