肖克：阅读B段解题策略和备考建议

第一节 解题策略和备考建议

一.阅读B节大纲样题给我们的启示

我们要注意这部分考的是段落的理解，我们要通读全文寻找重复的连接手段，并确定话题词，然后再对选项进行语篇层次的剖析，发掘选项中的重复的话题，然后用选项的话题

词来匹配文章段落的话题词，做到对号入座。

Directions：

In the following article， some sentences have been removed. For Questions l——5， choose the most suitable one from the list A——G to fit into each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. 1)________

本段话题：灭绝动物 关键词：extinct

Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.

本段话题：岩石 关键词：rock

2)__________________ . Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.

本段话题： 水保存动物化石 关键词：water

3)_____________________ There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had tow pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses .They were usually an inch or tow long but some were 2 feet.

本段话题: 像蟹一样的早期海洋动物 关键词：crab-like creatures

4)_______________________. Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.

本段话题： 甲壳动物 关键词：ammonites, shell

5)______________

About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.

本段话题：爬行动物以及哺乳动物 关键词：reptiles, mammals

[A] The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

[B] Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils .From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.

[C] The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.

[D] The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.

[E]The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star- fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.

[F] When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud .More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.

[G]Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.

启发思维：

这篇文章讲述的中心是化石，也可说是灭绝动物的尸体。前三段介绍化石如何的形成以及保存化石的条件，在其后的段落中按时间次序介绍了早期海洋动物，爬行动物以及哺乳动物之前的一些物种情况。

再读选项，大致确定7个选项的启示是：

[A]关键词是“甲壳类动物(shellfish)”。

[B]谈的是岩石保存灭绝动物，关键词应该是岩石以及灭绝动物。

[C]首先介绍鱼类，再谈两栖动物动物的情况。

[D]谈海洋生物分布全球。

[E]谈比较早的生物，然后是复杂点的。

[F]谈水中的泥土是如何保存化石的

[G]化石如何形成以及酸化。

深入启发：

这些选项有很多的共同点，有些选项就是在讨论相同的话题词，说明这些选项可以构成干扰选项。这些选项的细微的差别值得我们仔细看，这其中往往会有出题人留给我们的陷阱。

比如：

[B]和[G]都是在岩石如何保存化石。

[D]和[E]都是谈海洋动物的情况

我们可以了解选项的结构：

[A]中的“many”说明与下文是总分结构

[B]中的“nevertheless”表明上下文是转折，上文可能有“although”

[C]中有很多时间词，说明上下文有很多时间词语与该选项对应。

答案注释

1、[答案][B]

[注释]空格前内容讲远在人类之前，地球上就存在着一些诸如鱼类的动物。它们有的还在地球上生存，有的已经灭绝，没有涉及到化石的内容。空格后一段就直接谈到了化石对我们研究动物的作用。由此我们可判断空格处应为引出“化石”概念的内容，综观选项，[B]项适合，再把[B]项代入原文对照：原文前两段的结构为铺垫一转引出话题一对话题引申阐述，十分吻合，故选[B]。

2、[答案][F]

[注释]空格前面说到了化石对人们研究古生物的作用，空格后面又说到了化石的形成：几乎所有我们知道的化石都是保存在由水作用形成的额岩石里。这些化石里的动物大多数生活在水里或者靠近水的地区。根据语脉我们可推知空格处应为与化石形成有关。有关化石形成只有[F]和[G]。而[G]更多地说到影响化石形成的因素，与后面的内容联系不上，选项[F]。

3、[答案][E]

[注释]空格后面内容提到还存在着类似螃蟹的生物，并且用形象的语言从多方面描述了

该类生物的结构特征,从此句中aIso可知空格处涉及到内容应该与之相近 同样地是讲生物种类，同样地讲生物结构。而且根据其按时间次序叙述的特征，这儿谈的应该是更早期的物种，依据这个判断选项E符合。

4、[答案][A]

[注释]我们先看作为空格内容延续的其后的几句话：这当中，菊石是很有趣和重要的种类。它们有一个由许多小室组成的额壳，每一个代表它临时的家。当一个年幼的额菊石长大，它就自己生成一个新室而封存原先那个。从其中的of these我们可知，空格处应该是对菊石所属大类的概括。又从“they have a shell”可比较终确定正确选项为A。它们通过词语上下义重复这一手段来维系语篇。

5、[答案][C]

[注释]

空格后面内容讲大约七十五百万年前，爬虫纪的结束，许多种类灭绝。取而代之的是哺乳类动物。我们可将这个物种交替的过程往前推，我们可知空格所在段落应涉及物种更替—有关爬虫纪的发展状况。联系选项只有[C]是有关爬虫纪的内容。

参考译文：

人类生活在地球上的很久又前，地球上有鱼、爬虫、鸟、昆虫、和一些哺乳动物。尽管这些动物里有些是现代生物的祖先，但其他的却已灭绝了，也就是说，它们现在已经没有后代了。1[B]然而，我们对它们了解很多是因为它们的骨骼和外壳作为化石保存在了岩石里，从这些岩石中我们可以看出它们的尺寸和形状，以及它们是如何行走的，以及他们所吃的食物的种类。

2[F]当一个动物死亡，它的尸体、骨骼和外壳常常被溪水带进湖泊海洋，之后由泥土覆盖。如果是生活在海里动物，那么它的尸体可能会下沉，被泥土覆盖，越来越多的泥土跌落覆盖在上面，直到骨骼或者外壳完全被包围保存起来。几乎所有我们知道的化石都是保存在由水作用形成的岩石里。这些化石里的动物大多数生活在水里或者靠近水的地区。因此，必然有许多我们还一无所知的动物、鸟类和昆虫生活在它左右。

3[E]已发现的遗留物中早期的都是生活在海洋中的相当简单的物种。后来的形状更复杂，当中有海合，有着长手臂、由一根通向底或岩石的长茎吸附的星鱼亲系。也有蟹类生物，它们的身体由角状物覆盖。身体部分每边有两对脚。一对是用来在沙底行走，另一对用来游泳。鱼上面有一双复合眼，通常有成千上万个透镜。

4[A]甲壳类动物在岩石里有很长的历史，许多不同的种类已为人类所知。这当中，菊石是很有趣和重要的种类。它们有一个由许多小室组成的壳，每一个代表它临时的家。当一个年幼的菊石长大，它就自己生成一个新室而封存原先那个。在多西特海滩的岩里可见到成千上万个这样的东西。

5[C]比较初真正的脊椎动物是鱼，比较早被发现在生活到三亿七千五百万年前。大约在三百百万年前，两栖动物即既能生活在陆地又能生活在水里的动物出现了。它们很大，有时有八英尺长。许多生在沼泽地里，那里也是煤炭断层形成的地方。两栖动物滋生了爬虫动物。在近一百五十百万年里这些是生活在陆地海洋和空气里的生物的比较初形式。

在约七十五百万年前，爬虫纪过去，许多种类灭绝。哺乳动物迅速发展，我们可以追溯出许多熟悉动物的进化轨迹如大象和马。许多后来的哺乳动物尽管现在已经灭绝，但却为原始人所知，这在他们的壁画和骨骼雕刻中可以发现。

Sample two 排列段落的顺序