考研英语,历年真题经典长难句解析及翻译系列一

　　句子一：

　　For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

　　句子分析：

　　第一、句子可以拆分为三段：For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, / and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been / had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

　　第二、句子的结构：

　　1)主干结构是并列句they do not compensate for..., and thus do not tell...

　　2) how able是表语前置，正常语序是：an underprivileged youngster might have been how able

　　3)比较后一个句子是虚拟语气句的倒装结构：had he grown up under more favorable circumstances等于If he had grown up under more favorable circumstances

　　第三、词的处理：

　　hey 指示代词，测试

　　compensate for 弥补

　　gross social inequality 明显的社会不公

　　and thus 因此

　　ell 说明

　　underprivileged 贫困的、物质条件差的

　　under more favorable circumstances 在较好的环境下

　　参考译文：

　　例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。

　　句子二：

　　How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

　　句子分析：

　　第一、句子可以拆分为三段：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance / depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom / with which it is interpreted.

　　第二、句子主干结构是：

　　1)How well...引导的被动结构是主语从句，How well是主语从句中的状语前置，depends是句子谓语

　　2)depends后面两个介词短语作并列宾语upon...and on...

　　3) the information used是名词+过去分词作定语

　　4)with which it is interpreted定语从句，先行词是the skill and wisdom，代词it指代the information

　　第三、词的处理：

　　be validated by 为……所证实

　　depends upon 取决于

　　reliability 可靠性

　　appropriateness 适应性

　　interpreted 解释

　　参考译文：

　　这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。

　　句子三：

　　Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.

　　句子分析：

　　第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation / depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity / and upon such factors as cost and availability.

　　第二、句子主干结构是：Whether to use..., or both...引导主语从句，depends是句子谓语，upon... and upon...是并列结构的双宾语。

　　第三、词的处理：

　　Whether to..., or 是……还是……

　　both 指代前句的tests, other kinds of information

　　in a particular situation 在某一特定情况下

　　therefore 因此

　　the evidence from experience 经验依据

　　concerning 与……有关的

　　comparative validity 相对效度

　　such factors as... 诸如……等因素

　　参考译文：

　　因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。

　　句子四：

　　Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.

　　句子分析：

　　第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Some philosophers argue / that rights exist only within a social contract, / as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.

　　第二、句子的结构：

　　1)主干结构是主从复合句：Some philosophers argue that...

　　2)that引导的是宾语从句

　　3)as part of...是宾语从句中的rights的主语补足语。

　　第三、词的处理：

　　argue 论证

　　a social contract 社会契约

　　as part of 作为(是)……的一部分

　　entitlements 利益，权利

　　参考译文：

　　有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在社会契约中，是责任与利益相交换的一部分。

　　句子五：

　　It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.

　　句子分析：

　　第一、句子可以拆分为三段：It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: / it invites you to think that animals should be treated / either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.

　　第二、句子的结构是：

　　1)it invites you to think that...后面是宾语从句。

　　2) animals should be treated either with..., or with...要么……要么……，是表示选择的方式状语。

　　3)the consideration后面的humans extend to other humans是定语。

　　第三、词的处理：

　　leads ...to extremes 引向极端

　　at the outset 从一开始

　　invites you to think 使人们认为

　　consideration 关切，体谅

　　humans extend to other humans 人对待人

　　参考译文：

　　这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。