2010年考研英语语法重点考点及难点解析:从句之名词性从句

来源：来源于网络时间：2009-07-31 15:55:39

　　二、名词性从句
　　在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中可能担任主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)、表语、同位语等，根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词包括连词如that，whether/ if，as if /as though等;连接代词如what, who, whom, whose, which等;连接副词如when, where, how, why等。
　　 (一)名词性that从句
　　由that引导，在从句中可充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语等，that在从句中不作成分，翻译时不译出来。
　　 1.that引导主语从句，经常用it作形式主语。
　　【真题例句】Further more，it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. (2000-72)
　　【结构分析】本句主干在第一个逗号后，it is obvious that…，其中it是形式主语，真正的主语为and连接的两个that引导的名词性从句that the strength of a country’s economy is…和that this in turn rests…。第一个主语从句中，代词its指代 country’s;第二个主语从句中，this指代 efficiency of its agriculture and industry。
　　【参考译文】再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
　　【真题例句】But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions。(2005阅读2)
　　【结构分析】以逗号and为切入点，本句为两个并列分句，其中第一个分句中does表示强调;第二个分句it为形式主语，critical后面的that引导的名词性从句that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments…为真正的主语，在此主语分句中，又包含一个that引导的定语从句修饰judgments，关系代词that在从句中作provide的宾语，分词结构concerning the future consequences of present actions为后置定语修饰judgments。
　　【参考译文】但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了比较好的指导，关键是我们的国家和其他各国在作重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供给我们的对于人类现在的行为对未来影响的比较好的判断为依据。
　　 2.that引导表语从句
　　【真题例句】One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind，feelings，traits of character，human nature，and so on. (2002英译汉)
　　【结构分析】本句的主干是一个主系表结构One difficulty is that…，其中表语由that引导的表语从句充当。在此表语从句中，主语部分all of what is called behavioral science包含what引导的名词性从句，what在从句中作主语。
　　【参考译文】困难之一在于几乎所有所谓的行为科学仍从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面寻找行为的依据。
　　【真题例句】（考试大）If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. (2003阅读2)
　　【结构分析】本句是复合句。逗号前为if引导的条件状语从句，主句由there be句型充当。possibility后that引导同位语从句that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress，说明possibility的具体内容。
　　【参考译文】如果好人袖手旁观，有可能真让无知的人们扑灭医学进步中珍贵的火种。
　　【真题例句】The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it inefficient to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can create new receptors if necessary。(2005完形)

　　【结构分析】本句的主干为主系表结构The explanation…seems to be…，表语部分由that引导的表语从句充当。在此从句中，使用了find it +adj.+to do 结构，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语由不定式短语充当。but并列了the brain后的两个谓语finds it inefficient to keep…和 can create new receptors if necessary。
　　【参考译文】对气味的不敏感似乎可以这样解释，大脑发现让所有的气味感觉器官一直工作效率会很低，但在需要的时候仍可以创造新的感觉器官。
　　【真题例句】The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past。(2006阅读3)
　　【结构分析】本句的主干为主系表结构The notion is that…，其中be动词后的表语由that引导的名词性从句充当。在此从句中，宾语部分changes后面是which引导的限制性定语从句which have happened…，which在从句中指代changes作主语，在此从句中，又包含一个because引导的原因状语从句。
　　【参考译文】这一观点指出人们没有察觉发生在海洋中的巨大变化是因为他们在审视与现在作对比的过去时，用来衡量这个变化的时间段相对较短。
　　【真题例句】Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. (2006完形)
　　【结构分析】本句主干为主系表结构Part of the problem is that…，表语部分由that引导的名词性从句that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs充当，注意be addicted to…翻译为“对……成瘾”。
　　【参考译文】部分问题在于许多无家可归的成年人都是酒鬼或者是瘾君子。
　　 3.that引导宾语从句
　　【真题例句】This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed。(2000阅读4)
　　【结构分析】本句主干为This does not mean that…，that…，but only that…这三个that引导的名词性从句都作mean的宾语，第三个that引导的宾语从句中，分词no longer openly honored作原因状语。
　　【参考译文】但这并不意味着雄心抱负已经走到了尽头，也不意味着人们不再感觉到它的鼓舞和激励了，而是指由于人们不再以有雄心抱负为荣，所以也很少公开了。
　　【真题例句】Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community。(2001阅读3)
　　【结构分析】本句主干在逗号前，Replies show that…，宾语部分是that引导的宾语从句。在此从句中，compared with other Americans为分词所作的状语，主要部分为and并列的两个分句journalists are more likely to live…和they’re less likely to go to…。
　　【参考译文】对问题的回答表明，与其他美国人相比，记者往往住高档社区、雇有佣人、拥有奔驰车、做股票交易、较少上教堂、做志愿者工作或在一个社区扎根。
　　【真题例句】The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25—0.5% of GDP. (2002阅读3)

　　【结构分析】本句主干为The OECD estimates that…，介词短语in its latest Economic Outlook作分隔结构。在that引导的宾语从句中，包含一个if引导的与现在相反的虚拟条件状语从句。
　　【参考译文】OECD在其比较近的《经济瞭望》中估计，如果石油价格与1998年的每桶13美元相比在一年中平均为每桶22美元，这也只会给富裕的经济体的石油进口账单上增加GDP的0.25%到0.5%。
　　【真题例句】He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another。(200464)
　　【结构分析】本句主干很清晰，是一个主谓宾结构。宾语从句由that引导的宾语从句充当。在宾语从句中，包含一个because引导的原因状语从句，在此原因状语从句中，我们注意到it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式结构to formulate…，and后面的not others 与it is easier to formulate相连，翻译成汉语时，我们转译为“阐述其他概念就比较难”，逗号后是reasoned that宾语从句的主要部分he speakers of that language think along one track and not along another。
　　【参考译文】他推断，因为在某种特定的语言环境下阐述某些概念比较容易，而阐述其他就比较难，因此，那种语言的使用者们就沿着一种思路思考而不是另一种思路。
　　【真题例句】Just as on smoking，voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure。(2005阅读2)
　　【结构分析】本句的主干在逗号之间，voices now come from…，现在分词短语insisting…作voice的后置定语，这里面包含两个that引导的名词性从句，分别为that the science about global warming is incomplete和that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure，第二个that从句中，it是形式主语，真正的主语由不定式短语充当，until we know for sure为时间状语从句。
　　【参考译文】就像吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球气候变暖的科学资料还不完整。在我们证实这件事之前可以向大气中不断地排放气体。
　　【真题例句】And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better。(2005阅读3)
　　【结构分析】根据时态变形的says直接定位主干在句首：一名学术权威说……，后面均为says后的宾语。在宾语从句中，转折连词not only…but连接两个并列harnessed 和 brought 与前面be 构成被动的小谓语，介宾作联系紧密的be brought的状语，不定式to由逗号隔开，作整个从句的目的状语。
　　【参考译文】一名学术权威说，这些强烈紧张的精神活动不仅能被驾驭，实际上也能被有意识地控制，以帮助我们睡得更好，并感觉更好。
　　【真题例句】As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including nonstandard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas。(2005阅读4)　
　　【结构分析】本句的主干是he acknowledges that…，其中that引导名词性从句作宾语。在此从句中，去掉插入语including nonstandard ones like Black English，得到主干为all varieties of human language can be powerfully expressive，破折号后是前句的同位语成分，进行递进说明，表现为一个there提前的全部倒装。在此部分中，that引导定语从句that cannot convey complex ideas修饰language or dialect。
　　【参考译文】作为语言学家，他声称所有类型的人类语言其中包括黑人英语这样的非标准语言都有强大的表现力，在世界上不存在任何不能够表达复杂思想的语言或方言。
　　【真题例句】This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in，a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. (2005-48)

　　【结构分析】本句的主干在句首，This alone demonstrates that…，that引导宾语从句the television business is not an easy world to survive in，不定式短语to survive in 为后置定语修饰world。逗号后a fact为宾语从句的同位语，过去分词underlined by statistics作fact的后置定语。在此部分中，statistics的修饰语由that引导的定语从句that show…，关系代词that在从句中作主语。在此定语从句中，show的宾语由从句that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989充当。
　　【参考译文】这一点就足以表明，要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实。数据表明，在80多个欧洲电视网中，多达一半在1989年遭受亏损。
　　【真题例句】He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations。(2008-46)
　　【结构分析】本句是复合句。He believes that…是主句部分。名词性从句that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage…作believes的宾语。其中of连接的介宾短语作advantage的后置定语，宾语的部分由动名词短语forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence与and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations充当。
　　【参考译文】他认为，正是这个困难起了弥补能力欠缺的作用，迫使他长时间专注地考虑每一个句子，从而在推理和自己的观察中发现错误。
　　【真题例句】Darvin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character。(2008-50)
　　【结构分析】本句主干是Darvin was convinced that…。其中宾语部分由that引导的名词性从句充当，从句的结构是the loss of these tastes was not only…, but…be injurious to…, and more probably to…，是一个主系表结构，表语部分由三个并列平行结构充当。
　　【参考译文】达尔文认为，对(音乐和绘画方面)兴趣的丧失，失去的不仅仅是一种乐趣，而且可能会伤害到智力，更有甚者还可能伤害到道德。
　　【真题例句】This suggests that dimmer bulbs burn longer, that there is an advantage in not being too terrifically bright。(2009完形)
　　【结构分析】本句主干为This suggests…，后跟两个that引导的名词性从句that dimmer bulbs burn longer, that there is an advantage in not being too terrifically bright作宾语。注意suggest翻译为“表明”。
　　【参考译文】这表明暗淡的灯泡使用时间更长，也表明暗淡是灯泡的一个优势。
　　【真题例句】We believe that if animals ran the labs, they would test us to determine the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain。(2009完形)
　　【结构分析】本句中We believe that…是句子的主干部分，其中believe的宾语由that引导的名词性从句充当。在从句中，包含if引导的条件状语从句。注意使用了与现在相反的虚拟语气。
　　【参考译文】我们认为如果动物也能进行试验的话，他们会测定我们的忍耐度、忠诚度以及对地形的记忆力。
　　注意：宾语从句成分完整时，that有时可以省略。
　　【真题例句】Straifford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster’s dream。(2003阅读1)
　　【结构分析】本句主干为Straifford president George Friedman says…，其中says后是省略了that的宾语从句，词组see…as…译为“把……看成……”，逗号后面a spymaster’s dream是同位语，对宾语从句进行补充说明。
　　【参考译文】斯特福德公司的总裁乔治·弗莱德曼说，网络世界是一个收集情报和发送情报的工具，两者之间还能相互强化，是间谍头子梦寐以求的场所。

　　【真题例句】Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing。”(2004阅读4)
　　【结构分析】本句主干为Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought…，thought后为省略了that的宾语从句，(that)schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children。分号内为直接引语。
　　【参考译文】拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生以及其他一些超验主义哲学家认为，学校教育和僵化的书本学习会抑制孩子们的天性：“我们被关入学校和大学的背书室里10到15年，出来时满腹经纶却什么也不懂。”
　　 4.that引导同位语从句，说明先行名词的内容。
　　【真题例句】Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community。(2000英译汉)
　　【结构分析】本句主干Governments throughout the world act on the assumption…，that引导同位语从句that the welfare of their people depends largely on…，对assumption 的内容进行具体说明。that在从句中不作成分，不翻译出来。
　　【参考译文】各国政府行使其职能都基于这样一个前提，即人民的福利很大程度上取决于本国的经济实力和社会财富。
　　【真题例句】Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering, to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”。(2002阅读4)
　　【结构分析】逗号前为本句主干，Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain…，其中pain后为省略了关系代词that的定语从句，(关系代词在从句中作suffering的宾语)，逗号后介词短语为本句的状语，包含that引导的同位语从句，说明extent的具体内容。
　　【参考译文】许多医生似乎对病人们正在遭受的并且不必要的痛苦无动于衷，甚至达到了构成“系统地虐待病人”的程度。
　　【真题例句】If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. (2003阅读2)
　　【结构分析】逗号后为本句主干，一个there be句型。其中possibility后面为that引导的同位语从句，解释说明possibility的具体内容。句首部分为if引导的条件状语从句。
　　【参考译文】如果好人无所作为，一群不明真相的公众真的有可能扑灭医学进步的珍贵火种。
　　【真题例句】Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth。(2003英译汉)
　　【结构分析】本句为it作形式主语，不定式短语作真正主语的主系表结构。逗号后with所作伴随状语，其中包含一个同位语从句that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to…说明hope的具体内容。
　　【参考译文】因此，冷静而系统地研究人类的丰富性和多样性是十分重要的，其目的是希望通过这些研究的成果使人类自身，也与其他的生命形式，在地球上更和谐地生存。
　　【真题例句】One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research。(2003阅读2)

　　【结构分析】该句子中，介宾because of…所作的状语部分包含that引导的同位语从句，补充说明先行词“the theory”的内容。
　　【参考译文】现在就有这样一场正在寻求终止生物医学研究的运动，他们的理论基础是动物有权拒绝被用于实验。
　　【真题例句】These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age。(2003阅读4)
　　【结构分析】本句主干的表语proof后接由and并列两个that引导的同位语从句，补充说明先行词“living proof”的内容prevention works“预防是可行的”和we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age“人们能处理随年龄增长而产生的健康问题”。
　　【参考译文】这些领导人就是活生生的证据，证明预防是可行的，同时表明人们能处理随年龄增长而产生的健康问题。
　　【真题例句】Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society。(200464)
　　【结构分析】本句的主干在逗号后，Whorf developed the idea…，that引导的同位语从句that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society解释说明idea的具体内容。句首部分being interested…作全句的状语。
　　【参考译文】处于对语言和思维关系的兴趣，沃夫形成一种思想——语言结构决定一个社会习惯思维模式。
　　【真题例句】Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”， with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. (2005阅读1)
　　【结构分析】逗号前为主干。伴随状语with the underlying assumption…中包含一个同位语从句that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance，解释前面的名词assumption。
　　【参考译文】这种表现被认为是“再符合人性不过了”，也就是假定其他动物没有这样高度发达的不满意识。
　　【真题例句】Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws(2007完形)
　　【结构分析】本句的主干由there be句型充当。belief后为that引导的同位语从句，说明其具体内容。逗号后的large enough to…和integrated 分别均为states的后置定语。
　　【参考译文】一般来说，都认为新建立的国家必须是主权独立国家，面积够大可以维持经济上的独立生存，并且由一套共同的法律连接为一体。
　　【真题例句】Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was unprepared for selfrule and democracy. (2007完形)
　　【结构分析】本句主句为Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered…，介宾by fears…作为状语表示原因，fears后的that引导的名词性从句用作同位语，表示担心的具体内容。

　　【参考译文】平等主义的情绪因为担心大众没有准备好自治和民主经常得到缓和。
　　【真题例句】But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media. (2007-48)
　　【结构分析】本句的主干为But the idea that…rests on…，idea后面接that引导的同位语从句that the journalist must understand…，说明idea的具体内容。在此同位语从句中，我们注意到使用了比较结构。
　　【参考译文】新闻记者必须比普通公民更深刻地理解法律，这种观点基于他们对新闻媒体已确立的规约和特殊责任的理解。
　　【真题例句】The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. (2008完形)
　　【结构分析】本句的主干为一个主系表结构充当The idea…is…主语idea后跟一个that引导的同位语从句，说明其具体内容。句末hypotheses后的that引导定语从句that dare not speak its name，that在从句中作主语指代先行词hypotheses。
　　【参考译文】一群人可能比其他人更聪明这一看法，是众多不敢公开名称的假设之一。
　　【真题例句】He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested。(2008完形)
　　【结构分析】句首部分为本句的主干He helped popularize the idea，同位语从句that some diseases not previously thought to…说明idea的具体内容。从句中的主干为some diseases were actually infections，过去分词结构not previously thought to have a bacterial cause为后置定语，修饰diseases，逗号后为which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰限定前面的idea，关系代词which在从句中作主语。在此定语从句中，又包含一个when引导的时间状语从句，代词it也指代前文的idea。
　　【参考译文】他帮助普及了一个概念：过去认为不是由细菌造成的一些疾病实际上是传染病。这种看法在比较初提出时引起了很大争议。
　　 (二)名词性wh-从句
　　由wh-词引导，包括who, whom, whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等。
　　 1.Wh-引导主语从句
　　【真题例句】What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. (2000阅读5)
　　【结构分析】本句逗号前为既包含主语从句，又包含表语从句的主句。其中主语部分由what引导的名词性从句充当，表语部分由that引导的名词性从句充当。中间插入的部分as easily and openly as once they could使用了比较结构作状语，修饰前面的动词短语confess fully to their dreams。句末的lest引导了一个虚拟的从句，构成形式是should+do，should被省略。此从句中使用了被动语态be thought，并列的三个形容词pushing, acquisitive and vulgar作补语。
　　【参考译文】事实上，人们不能像从前那么轻松公开地坦承自己的梦想，以免被人看作是爱出风头、贪婪和庸俗。
　　【真题例句】What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents。(2000阅读5)
　　【结构分析】本句是一个主系表结构。what引导主语从句What is odd，在主语从句中充当主语，that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents是表语从句，注意从句中代词that指代ambition。

　　【参考译文】奇怪的是也许已经从雄心壮志中获益比较多的正是他们——如果不是他们自己的雄心，那么就是他们父母的和祖父母的。
　　【真题例句】What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide。(2001阅读2)
　　【结构分析】该句子中，what引导主语从句What was less visible then，并在主语从句中充当主语。主干表语部分包含由that引导的定语从句that work against the digital divide修饰forces，关系代词that指代forces在从句中作主语。
　　【参考译文】然而，一些新的可以防止这种信息差距出现的积极因素在当时并不如现在这样明显。
　　【真题例句】What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined。(2002阅读2)
　　【结构分析】本句的主干What they found is that…被分隔结构in attempting to model thought所作的状语隔开。主语为what引导的名词性从句充当，what在从句中充当宾语。表语为that引导的名词性从句充当，在此从句中，使用了比较结构，破折号之间的部分为对前文he human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented的补充说明。
　　【参考译文】在试图模仿人类思维的过程中，研究人员发现人类大脑的约一千亿个神经细胞比以前想象得要聪明的多，人类的知觉活动也比以前想象得复杂。
　　【真题例句】What we forget—what our economy depends on us forgetting—is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain。(2006阅读4)
　　【结构分析】本句子主干为what…—what…—is that…两个what引导主语从句，在主语从句中分别充当宾语，that引导的表语从句happiness is more than…中包含一个比较结构。
　　【参考译文】但是我们所忘记的——我们的经济指望我们忘却的——是幸福而不仅仅是没有痛苦的快乐。
　　 2.Wh-引导宾语从句
　　【真题例句】Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next。(2000阅读4)
　　【结构分析】本句为由but并列的转折关系两个分句。but后是由and并列的两个分句，在第二个分句中，know的宾语部分由where引导的从句充当。
　　【参考译文】10年前，日本人工作勤奋，将工作视为他们存在的主要理由，但现在日本大体上已经满足了其经济需求，年轻人却不知道他们下一步的目标在哪里。
　　【真题例句】When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal。(2000阅读5)
　　【结构分析】本句句首为when引导的时间状语从句，主句为it is advisable to find out…，其中it是形式主语，后面的不定式结构是真正的主语。在不定式结构中，find out的宾语由what引导的名词性从句充当，what在从句中作be aiming at的宾语。for直到句末表示原因，包含一个however引导的让步状语从句，however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today，真正的主句是it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal，仍然是it作形式主语，真正的主语为that引导的名词性从句。
　　【参考译文】当一种新的艺术运动开始流行时，一种明智的做法是弄清楚它的倡议者们的真正意图。因为，无论他们的创作原则在今天看来是多么牵强和荒谬，在未来这些理论很可能被认为是正常的东西。
　　【真题例句】However，there are still no forecasts for when faster-that-light travel will be available，or when human cloning will be perfected，or when time travel will be possible。(2001英译汉)
　　【结构分析】本句主干是一个there be 句型there are still no forecasts for…，for连接的介宾短语后置作forecasts的定语。其中宾语的部分由三个when引导的名词性从句充当，when在从句中作状语，这三个从句由连词or并列。
　　【参考译文】然而，对于何时能够进行超光速旅行，何时人类克隆技术得到完善，何时时间旅行成为可能，仍未作出预测。

　　【真题例句】It’s theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail。(2003阅读3)
　　【结构分析】本句是个复合句，由but连接两个并列分句。句首部分包含which引导的定语从句修饰theory，从句中动词短语subscribe to 部分提前，造成to which形式，which指代theory作从句subscribe to的宾语，逗号后两个which都引导宾语从句作determining的宾语，在从句中修饰“companies”，翻译为“哪家公司兴盛哪家公司倒闭。”
　　【参考译文】这种理论得到了多数经济学家的赞同，但在实际操作中，它使铁路公司获得了决定哪家公司兴盛哪家公司倒闭的权力。
　　
　　【真题例句】“By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck”， he says. (2001英译汉)
　　【结构分析】句首部分为介宾所作的方式状语，去掉主句中的分隔结构hopefully，得到computers could pick up…and simulate feeling too so that…，其中第一个动词短语pick up的宾语由what引导的名词性从句充当。so that引导的目的状语从句中，rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,可以理解为一种特殊比较，翻译为“就像……一样”。
　　【参考译文】他说：“通过直接与我们的神经系统的连接，计算机可以捕捉到我们的感受，并且，我们希望，它还可以模拟我们的感受。那样我们就能够开发全方位的虚拟环境，就像电影《完全回忆》中的虚拟假期或《星际旅行》中的全息甲板一样。”
　　【真题例句】It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific behavior. (2009阅读2)
　　【结构分析】去掉中间的分隔部分，得到主干为It signals a change in what has been a key element of scientific behavior。介词结构in…作前面change的后置定语。在此结构中，介宾的宾语部分由what引导的名词性从句充当，what在从句中作主语。
　　【参考译文】这表明了到目前为止科学行为中的一个很重要因素的变化。
　　【真题例句】Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit。(2003阅读4)
　　【结构分析】本句为复合句，主干there are limits后介词to的宾语由what引导的名词性从句充当，介词结构充当limits的后置定语。What在其引导的从句中充当动词spend的宾语。
　　【参考译文】然而对于这样的追求，一个社会能够承担的费用是有限的。
　　【真题例句】This may also explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells—we simply do not need to be. (2005完形)
　　【结构分析】本句是复合句。主干This may also explain…的宾语部分为why引导的名词性从句充当，why在从句中作状语，破折号后为原因的具体内容，be后省略了sensitive to our own smells。
　　【参考译文】这也可以解释为什么我们通常对自身的各种气味不敏感——只不过我们不需要这样做。
　　【真题例句】They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really for, not merely how much of it there is. (2009完形)
　　【结构分析】本句使用了一个虚拟would do(参见原题前文)decide后有两个宾语，第一个由what引导的名词性从句充当，what在从句中作for的宾语，第二个宾语为how much引导的宾语从句，是what从句的并列部分。
　　【参考译文】他们也将尝试去决定人类智慧的作用，而不是仅限于存在着多少智慧。
　　【真题例句】Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would perform on humans if they had the chance。(2009完形)
　　【结构分析】本句是主谓宾结构。主语research后由介宾短语后置作定语，谓语部分使用了make sb. do的形式，wonder后面的宾语由what引导的名词性从句充当，what在从句中作宾语，其中，又包含了if引导的条件状语从句。注意，本句使用了与现在相反的虚拟语气。
　　【参考译文】对动物智力的研究也让我想知道，如果动物有机会的话，他们会对人类做什么样的实验。

　　3.Wh-引导表语从句
　　【真题例句】This, in brief, is what the futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed。(2000阅读3)
　　【结构分析】本句主干This is what…，介词短语in brief作插入语。表语部分为what引导的名词性从句，what在从句中作宾语。冒号后为复合句，具体说明(话的)内容。
　　【参考译文】下面简单介绍一下未来主义诗人的观点：一个世纪以来，人类的生活状况一直在有条件地加速，到了现在，我们已经生活在一个喧嚣、暴力和快速的时代。
　　【真题例句】Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That’s where Straitford earns its keep。(2003阅读1)
　　【结构分析】该句子为主从复合句，主句在逗号前，since引导原因状语从句，由it充当形式主语，真正主语在不定式后to tell good information from bad，翻译为“因为很难区分信息的真伪”。代词that指前，where引导表语从句，在从句中作状语，理解为“在这种情况下”。
　　【参考译文】当然这种公开渠道的谍报活动也有其风险，因为很难区分信息的真伪。而这正是斯特福德公司谋生之所在。
　　【真题例句】Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education—not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge。(2004阅读4)
　　【结构分析】该句子中，where引导表语从句，并且在从句中充当地点状语，破折号后not to pursue knowledge与前面的to get a practical education为并列平行结构，均作目的状语。介词for连接的介宾短语作原因状语。注意for the sake of为常考词组，译为“为了……”。
　　【参考译文】甚至学校也成了让孩子接受实用教育的场所，而不是为了知识而追求知识。
　　【真题例句】And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure—including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on were built with foreign investment。(2001阅读2)
　　【结构分析】该句子中，why引导表语从句why America’s…were built…，并且在从句中充当原因状语。从句中谓语动词由被动语态be built充当。
　　【参考译文】因此美国的第二次浪潮基础设施—包括公路、港口、高速公路、港口城市等等——都是用国外资金建造的。
　　 (三)if, whether引导的名词性从句
　　 if(…or )， whether(…or not)引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问句转化而来的，其功能和wh从句的功能相同。翻译时，译为“是否”，采用顺译法，如：
　　【真题例句】However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question。(2005阅读1)
　　【结构分析】该句子为主系表结构。whether引导由or并列的两个主语从句whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans和whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago,译为“是……，还是……”
　　【参考译文】但是这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成，还是来自于三千五百万年前他们共同的祖先，这还是一个悬而未决的问题。
　　【真题例句】Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability。(2009-49)
　　【结构分析】本句句首部分为since引导的原因状语从句，主句部分为we cannot help直到末尾，其中谓语部分help considering宾语部分由whether or not引导的名词性从句whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability充当，其中又包含一个限制性定语从句which will secure this ability修饰先行词powers。