一天一篇真题记单词（五）

      extent　　n. 1 广度, 宽度, 范围, 程度2 [律]<英>扣押, <美>临时所有权令
      [例] I agree with you to some extent.我部分地同意你。
      [固定搭配] to some extent 某种程度上

      inherent　　adj. 固有的, 内在的, 与生俱来的
      [例] Polarity is inherent in a magnet.极性是磁铁的固有性质。
      [同义] existing， instinctive ，internal， natural
      [反义] acquired adj.已获得的, 已成习惯的, 后天通过自己的努力得到的

      profound　　adj. 深刻的, 意义深远的, 渊博的, 造诣深的
      [例] We had a profound lesson in ideological education yesterday.昨天我们上了一堂深刻的思想教育课。
      [同义] deep ，extreme， great， intense， serious
      [反义] shallow adj. 浅的, 浅薄的

     characteristic　　adj. 特有的, 表示特性的, 典型的 n.特性, 特征
      [例] What are the characteristics that distinguish the Chinese from the Japanese?
      中国人区别于日本人的特征是什么?
      [派生] character n.(事物的)特性, 性质, 特征(的总和), 品质, 字符, 性格, 特征, 人物
       vt.写, 刻, 印, 使具有特征

      institution　　n. 1 公共机构, 协会2 制度
      [例] Marriage became an institution in ancient societies. 婚姻在古代社会就已经成为一种制度。

      current adj. 1 当前的, 通用的, 流通的, 现在的 2 草写的, n.1 涌流, 趋势2 电流, 水流, 气流
      [例] Newspapers influence the current of thought. 报纸影响思想潮流。
      [同义] flow, happening ,present, prevalent ,stream
      [派生] currency n. 流通

       keen　　　　　adj. 1 锋利的, 敏锐的, 敏捷的2 热心的, 渴望的
      [例] A keen north wind was blowing. 刮着刺骨的北风。
      [同义] acute ,bright ,clever , quick, sharp
      [反义] blunt adj. 钝的, 生硬的

      rejoice　　　　v. (使)欣喜, (使)高兴, 喜悦
      [例] I rejoice to hear your success. 听到你的成功我很高兴。
      [同义] celebrate , cheer, delight , encourage , inspire
      [反义] grieve v. (使)悲痛, (使)伤心, 忧伤

      conquer　　　　　vt.1 征服, 战胜, 占领2 克服(困难等), 破(坏习惯等)
      [例] "According to the textbook of history, the Normans conquered England in 1066."
       据历史书记载诺曼底人于一零六六年占领了英格兰。
      [同义] crush , defeat , overtake , triumph , vanquish , win
      [反义] surrender vt. 交出, 放弃, 使投降, 听任 vi.投降, 自首 n. 交出, 放弃, 投降

      merit　　　　　n. 1 优点2 价值 v. 有益于
      [例] There's little merit in passing the driving test if you don't have a car of your own.
      "如果你没有自己的汽车,通过驾驶考试也没什么价值。"
      [同义] excellence , fineness, goodness , quality , value , worth
      [反义] defect n. 过失, 缺点

       sympathy　　　　n. 同情同情心
      [例] I have been a prisoner, so I have a lot of sympathy with other people in prison.
      我曾经是个犯人，因此我对其他在监狱里的人深表同情。
      [同义]compassion，condolence，mercy， pity
      [反义]antipathy 憎恶反感
      [派生] sympathetic adj. 有同情心的, 合意的, 赞成的 n. [解]交感神经, 容易感受的人

      exclusively　　　 adv. 排外地专有地
      [例] This sample room is exclusively for women. 这试衣室仅供妇女使用。
      [反义] inclusively adv.包含地, 在内地
      [派生] exclusive adj. 1 排外的, 孤高的, 独占的, 唯一的2 高级的

【真题原文】

      Personality is to a large extent inherent——A-type-parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
      One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school , which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the 'win at all costs' moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system , in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides , the first marathon runner , dropped dead seconds after saying: ' Rejoice, we conquer! '
      By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable , but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
      Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B' s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child's personality to his possible future employment . It is top management .
      If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions , especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B's are important and should be encouraged.

【原文翻译】

      性格从很大程度上来说是遗传的——A 性格的父母通常养育的儿女也是A 性格的。但是环境一定也起了很重要的作用，因为如果竞争对父母是重要的，那么竞争在子女的生活中也是一个重要的因素。
     养成A 类性格的地方之一就是学校，从本质上说，学校是一个高度竞争的机构。有太多的学校把“不惜一切赢取胜利”作为道德标准，并夸耀成就来衡量他们的胜利。现在，学校热情地鼓励孩子们和同学竞赛与时间赛跑，这就产生了一个两层系统，在这个系统里，其中有竞争意识的A 性格学生似乎在很多方面都优于B 性格的学生。但是，对胜利太热衷也会导致危险的结果：还记得第一个马拉松运动员Pheidippides，在说完“欢庆吧，我们胜利了！”之后，就倒下死掉了。
      到目前为止，学校竞争中比较糟糕的形式是对考试的过分强调。很少有学校允许学生专注于自己擅长的事情。用考试来竞争的优点在某种程度上是值得怀疑的，但是明知道会失败还要参加竞争，这对学生的影响是非常不好的。
      显然，让A 性格的年轻人全部转变为B 性格的，这样做既不切实际，也不值得。这个世界需要各种各样的性格，学校有一个重要的职责就是使学生的性格能适合他们将来可能的职业，这才是管理的比较高境界。
      如果学校对学业的关注少一些，而多花些时间来培养学生的价值观。也许挑选护理专业（尤其是医药专业）的从业人员时，可以更少的考虑些化学的成绩高低，而更多的考虑些细心和同情心这样的因素。只从A 性格的人里挑选医生，这显然不对，B 性格的人也很重要，也应该加以鼓励。