高二英语基础知识之定语从句
英语不止做为一门语言和交流工具，而是被提升到了必备技能的范畴，育路小编准备了高二英语基础知识，具体请看以下内容。
一 定语从句
(一)定语从句概述
1. 定义：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2. 先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。3. 关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
4. 关系词常有三个作用：引导定语从句;代替先行词;在定语从句中充当一个成分。如： Harry Potter is the most interesting novel that I have read. 解析：that I have read是定语从句;novel是先行词;that 是关系代词，代替先行词novel，在从句中作have read的宾语。 I've become good friends with several of the students in my school ______ I met in the English speech contest last year. A. who B. where C. when D. which解析：首先确定先行词，根据空格后的从句I met in the English speech contest last year缺少met的宾语，该宾语应当为sb.，故可判断先行词不是从句最靠近的my school，而是被in my school所隔开的the students。故此，关系代词该用who/whom或者省略。四个选项中，只有A选项正确。
(二)关系代词使用规则
规则1：关系代词若在限制性定语从句中作宾语并且前面无介词时，关系代词可省略，其他情况不可省。
She is the woman (whom / that/who) I wanted to see yesterday. 规则2：定语从句中的主谓一致问题 (1) 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.(2) one of + 复数名词+ 关系代词+ 复数动词;而the only one of + 复数名词+ 关系代词+ 单数动词。
Harry Potter is one of the bestsellers that are popular with teenagers.
Harry Potter is the only one of the bestsellers that makes the author a billionaire. (3) 非限制性定语从句中，由关系代词as或which代替整个主句时，从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.(4) 关系代词和谓语动词之间有插入语时，谓语动词单复数要看关系代词的指代。
To own a TV set in each family, which we think was impossible 20 years ago, now has become true.规则3：指物时，定语从句中的关系代词只能用that的情况： (1) 当先行词为everything, anything, nothing, the one, none, all, much, few, any, little等不定代词时。
All that can be done has been done. (2) 当先行词被the only, the very, all, much, few, any, little, no修饰时。
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.(3) 当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或者先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
(4) 先行词既有人又有物时。Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned? (5)当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时，为避免重复要用that。Who is the man that is standing there?(6) 有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个则用that。
They have set up a company, which deals with the things that are related to environment protection.(7) 当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时，只用that。
Hangzhou is no more the city that it used to be.规则4：指物时，定语从句中的关系代词只能用which的情况： (1) 在引导非限制性定语从句时。
The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here. (2)介词后。We depend on the land from which we get our food.
(3)有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用that，另一个宜用which。
规则5：指人时，定语从句中的关系代词只能用who的情况：(1)当先行词是anyone, those时。 Is there anyone who is ready to help the injured person? (2)有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用that，另一个宜用who。
规则6：whose可以指代人或物，在定语从句中作定语， 后跟名词。
指物时，whose+名词=名词+ of which = of which+ 名词。
The classroom whose door/ the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor.规则7：关系代词as和which
在非限制性定语从句中，as和which可代替整个主句，相当于and this或and that。二者的区别主要在于： (1) as引导的非限制性定语从句既可以在主句前，也可以在主句后，有时还可以插入句中，常带有“正如……，正像……”的意思。而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后，翻译成“这”。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one’s health. The man died last night, which is a lie.(2)主句中出现the same, as, such, so修饰先行词或者the same…as, such…as, so…as, as…as 等结构中需选择as 关系代词在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
This house is not such as I expect.(such为代词，作先行词; as在从句中作宾语)
Here is so big a stone as no man can lift. I live in the same building as he (lives in). 【注意】当先行词由the same修饰时，有时也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的意思不同：that表示同一个，as表示同一类。
The pencil is the same one as I lost last week.
The pencil is the same one that I lost last week (3) 在以下结构中，一般也用as: as (it) appears, as (it) seems likely, as (it) often happens, as (it) was pointed out/said/reported/announced, as (it) was said earlier, as I remember (it), as is wellknown, as is known to all, as anybody can see等。As was pointed out, this kind of substance is poisonous.
as 的这种用法通常出现在一些固定短语之中如：
1.as has been said before 如上所述
2.as may be imagined 正如可以想象出来的那样
3.as is well known 众所周知
4.as was expected 正如预料的那样
5.as has been already pointed out 正如已经指出的那样
6.as we all can see 正如我们都会看到的那样规则8：“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which。 (1) 某些带有介词的动词短语，介词可以提至关系代词之前，但是在一些固定搭配的短语动词中，由于动词和介词不可以分割，因此不能将介词置于关系代词之前，如take care of, look for, look after, care for等。
This is the book (which / that) I am looking for.
(2)“介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词，有时数词或代词也可以放在“介词+关系代词”之后。 He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
= He loved his parents deeply, of whom both are very kind to him.
(3)介词+which / whom+to do结构。这种结构可以改为：介词+which / whom+定语从句。
I don't have enough money with which to buy such an expensive dress.
=I don't have enough money with which I can buy such an expensive dress. (4)在非限制性定语从句中，which可作定语，指先行词(短语或句子)所表示的信息，形成“介词+which +名词”结构，相当于and in/at/during this/that+名词。
Mike was a student at the university from 1998 to 2004, during which time he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students' Union.(三) 关系副词使用规则规则1：when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语;when=表示时间的介词(in / at / on / during…)+which。
I still remember the day when / on which I first came to the school.规则2：where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，where=表示地点的介词(in / at / on / under…)+which。
The house where / in which I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
规则3：why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语， why=表示原因的介词(for)+which。
I don't know the reason why / for which he looks unhappy today.规则4：以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。
The way(in which / that)he answered the question was surprising.【注意】 The way (which / that) he explained to us was quite simple.(which / that在从句中充当宾语成分) 规则5：有时为了表达更清楚，可以在关系副词where / when前加上介词to, from等。
China is the birth place of kites, from where kites spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.【注意】一些特殊的先行词如situation, point, case, activity，scene及period, festival, occasion等要注意具体情况具体分析，作主语、宾语和表语时，用关系代词that/which;作状语时，用关系副词where/when或“介词+which”。
There is one point (that/which) we must insist on. 有一个观点我们必须坚持。(定语从句可还原为：we must insist on the point, 所以先行词point在定语从句中作宾语，故用that/which或省略。) We're just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk. 我们正努力做到能让双方坐下来对话。 (定语从句可还原为：at a point both sides will sit down together and talk, 故先行词point在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词用where/at which。)(四)关系代词/关系副词的选择 规则1：用还原法：将先行词放入定语从句中，找到它的原有位置，判断它作什么成分以及判断先行词指人还是指物。 规则2：一般说来，作主语、宾语或表语时，用关系代词;作状语时，用关系副词或介词+which;作定语时，用whose。 1. I will remember the days that we spent together. 2. June 7 is the day when we begin to take the college entrance examination. 3. This is the place that we visited the day before yesterday. 4. This is the place where he worked for ten years.
(五)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号和主句隔开，是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确，翻译成先行词的定语，“……的……”。 非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，通常翻译成主句的并列句。关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
His brother who is now a lawyer always encourages him to go to college.
他那个现在是律师的哥哥总是鼓励他上大学。(他还有其他的哥哥)
His brother, who is now a lawyer, always encourages him to go to college.
他的哥哥，现在是律师，总是鼓励他上大学。(他只有一个哥哥)
(六) 定语从句和其他从句句型的区别规则1：区别such…as… / so…as…引导的定语从句和such/so…that…引导的结果状语从句 如果从句缺少主语或宾语就是定语从句，连接词用as;He is such a good boy as everyone likes.
如果从句的结构完整，就是结果状语从句，连接词用that。He is such a good boy that everyone likes him.规则2：区别非限制性定语从句与并列句 定语从句与主句之间用关系词连接;He said nothing, which made me angry.
并列句之间用并列连词。He said nothing, and that made me angry.规则3：定语从句与名词性从句 定语从句中，关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语。As is known to all, the moon travels around the earth.
名词性从句中的连词that在从句中不作任何成分;News came that our class had won the game.
疑问代词what及疑问副词how可连接名词性从句，但不能引导定语从句。
What is known to all is that the moon travels around the earth.
I don't know the reason how he has worked out the problem.规则4：定语从句与地点状语从句 关系副词引导定语从句时，其前面必须有时间、地点、原因等先行词;
When you read the book, you'd better make a mark in the place where you have any questions.
疑问副词连接状语从句时，其前面没有。
When you read the book, you'd better make a mark where you have any questions. 规则5：定语从句与强调句、状语从句 that在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语;It was a small village (that/which) we know from my father.
强调句型中that不作任何成分，但不能省;It was in this small village that we got to know each other.
结果从句区别状语从句中that也只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分。(七)定语从句的考查
考题位置：在全国各地高考中主要出现在单项填空部分。1.主要考查的知识点： (1)关系词的选用 (2)关系词前加介词等的用法 (3)定语从句的时态 (4)非限制性定语从句的用法 复习重点： (1)关系代词和关系副词的用法区别。 (2)掌握只能用that引导定语从句的情形。 (3)掌握“介词+关系代词”的定语从句。 (4)掌握as，which和whose引导非限制性定语从句的用法。2.如何应对定语从句考查 解题时，首先要确定先行词，根据先行词在从句中所作的句子成分来判断该用关系代词还是副词，并且确定具体用哪个关系词。如果从句中谓语动词为不及物动词，应考虑关系代词前该不该加介词。
尤其要注意以下两种定语从句：
1) 使用where而非“地点”型定语从句。定语从句的先行词是mark, situation, case, point, scene, business等名词而且从句缺少状语时，要使用where表示“一种特定的……情况”或“一个特定的……场合”。
He’s got himself into a dangerous situation _______ he is likely to lose control over the plane.
A. where B. which C. while D. why
正确答案是A;引导词在句子中作状语，where: “在此情况下”，还可以用in which来代替，句意为：
他使自己身临险境——他很可能失去对飞机的控制。situation 在句中是“情境、情况”的意思。
“在此情况下”译为：in this situation.
当situation作先行词时后面的定语从句引导词有如下两种情况：
(1)引导词在从句中作主语或宾语时,引导词用that / which 作宾语时, 引导词可省略。
Worrying never helps in a situation ( that / which ) you can’t change.
对于你无法改变的状况，发愁于事无补。(引导词在句子中作宾语)
(2)引导词在从句中作状语时，引导词可用where 或in which / at which。
与situation用法类似的名词有： condition(s)(条件、状况); spot(地点);place (地方);position(位置);
stage(阶段);case(情形、例、病例、案例);point(点、程度、);business(企业、事业);meeting(会议、集会);earth(地球、世界);society (社会);world (世界) ; surroundings(环境)等。
I can think of many cases _______students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay.
A. why B. which C. as D. where
正确答案为D，亦可用in which。句意为：
我能想起很多这样的情况：学生们显然认识许多英语单词和短语，但却写不出一篇优美的短文。
2) “分隔”式定语从句。即运用插入语、介词、副词短语等手段使先行词远离关系代词或关系副词，以达到增加试题难度的效果。
The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of in that far-away village.
分隔式型定语从句
(1)先行词与定语从句之间被用作定语的短语分开。
Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a necklace of yours?
They still remember one afternoon in the first year when the professor took the students to the chemistry lab.
(2)先行词与定语从句之间被用作状语的短语分开。
I was the only person in my office that was invited.
There are thousands of stars in the sky that are like our Sun.
She sang the songs perfectly there yesterday which was written by me.
(3)先行词与定语从句之间被主句谓语分隔。
The days are gone when we suffered so much. 我们受苦受难的日子过去了。
定语从句总结
1. 定语从句定义
2. 关系代词/关系副词
3. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
4. 定语从句和其他从句句型的区别
5. 定语从句的考查
高中是人生中的关键阶段，大家一定要好好把握高中，编辑老师为大家整理的高二英语基础知识，希望大家喜欢。
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